| Term | Definition |
| IC | inspiratory cpaacity=IRV+TV |
| VC | Vital capacity= ERV+IC |
| FRC | FUnctional residual capacity= ERV+RV |
| Normal values for FEV1/FVC | 70% healthy |
| Forced expiratory flow rate | FEF25%-75% slope of a line drawn between points 25% and 75% of exhaled volume of FVC exhalation |
| normal HR (infant and adult) | 120 bpm and 60-100bpm |
| BP (infant and addult) | 75/50mmhg and <120/80mmhg |
| Respiratory rate (infant and adult) | 40/min and 12-20/min |
| PaO2 (infant and adult) | 75-80mmhg and 80-100mmhg |
| PaCO2 infant and adult | 34-54mmhg and 35-45mmhg |
| Nomral pH | 7.35-7.45; slightly lower for infants |
| Tidal volume infans and adults | 20ml and 500 ml |
| Crackles (rales, crepitations)and what pathologies | crackling usually heard on inspiration; atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema |
| Wheezes and what pathology | "musically pitched sound" heard on expiration caused by airway ostruction. COPD, asthma, foreign body, |
| Egophsny | "Nasal" or "bleating" transmission of sound. E sounds like A |
| Bronchophony | intense clear sound during ausculation |
| Whisper pectoriloquy | whisper sounds heard clearly |
| Normal WBC count | 4000-11000 |
| Normal Hematocrit | 35-48% |
| Hemoglobin | 12-16g/dl |
| Respiratory alkalosis | increased pH; decreased paCO2; HCO3- is normal; caused by hypervent; dizziness, syncopy, numbness, early tetany |
| Respiratory acidosis | decreased pH; increased PaCO2; HCO3 WNL; hypoventilation; anxiety, restlessness, dyspnea, headache. Confusion coma |
| Metabolic alkalosis | increased pH; normal PaCO2; HCO3 increased; casued by bicarb ingestion, vomiting, diuretic, steroid, adrenal disease; weakness, mental dullness, early tetany |
| Metabolic acidosis | decreased pH; PaCO2 wnl; HCO3 decreased; diabetic, lactic, uremic acidosis, prolonged diarrhea; hyperventilation, nausea, lethargy, and coma |
| Graded exercise test termination: | max shortness of breath
PaO2 fall>20mmhg PaO2<55mmhg
PaCO2 rise >10mmhg or PaCO2 >65mmhg
Cardiac ischemia/arrhythmias
sx of fatigue/total
increase in DBP 20mmhg;SBP> than 250mmhg
leg pain
insuff cariac output
reaching a vent max |
| Normal Cardiac output | 4.5-5 L/min
up to 25 L/min with exercise |
| Upper espiratory tract | nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx |
| Lower respiratory tract | begins from larynx into aveoli |
| Cor pulmonale | hypertrophy of the right vent caused by increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation |
| cholesterol norms | total <200
LDL <100
HDL 40-60 |
| Triglyceride normal | <150 |
| korotkoff sounds | phase 1- appearance of clear tapping sounds (SBP)
Phase 2- softer and longer
phase 3- crisper and louder
phase 4- sounds disappear (DBP) |
| s1 | Lub- closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at onset of ventricular systole |
| s2 | closure of aoritic and pulmonic valves at onset of ventricular diastole. |
| s3 | vibrations of the distended ventricle walls due to passive flow of blood from the atria during rapid filling phase. Normal in healthy children, abnormal in adults (associated with heart failure. "ventricular gallop" |
| s4 | pathological. Vibration of ventricular wall with ventricular filling and atrial contraction. Associated with hypertension, stenosis, MI, called atrial gallop |
