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Drug Test #1

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Created by: carriefredricksen

Question	Answer
What percentage of the population over age twelve uses tobacco?	About 28%
What percentage of the population over the age of twelve uses alcohol?	About 52%
True or False. There is a correlation between heavy drinking and the number of domestic violence events.	True.
About what percentage of the inmates/prisoners committed their current offense to obtain money for drugs?	About 18%
What percentage of the population over age twelve used an illicit drug in the past month?	About 9%
What is the most commonly used illicit drug?	Marijuana
What is mead?	A fermented beverage made from honey and water made in Ancient Greece.
What was known as the water of life?	wine
Which amendment prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages? Which act enforced the amendment?	18th, Volstead Act
First federal legislation regarding cocaine that required manufacturers to label product contents?	Pure Food and Drug Act.
What was the Harrison Narcotics Act?	In 1914, it imposed taxes on products containing cocaine. It was aimed to curb drug abuse
What is freebase cocaine?	process that produces a pure, smokable cocaine. It is a dangerous process.
Crack cocaine	not as dangerous to make as freebase. Cheaper and smokable.
How was heroin discovered?	by acetylation of morphine
When did marijuana use increase?	During prohibition
What was the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act?	Passed in 1970. It had a part called the Controlled Substance Act which had a scheduling system for drugs.
Opium comes from which plant?	Poppy
What drug comes from opium?	Morphine and eventually heroin. Oxycodone too!
What was known as the soldier's disease?	addicted soldiers after the civil war. It was used to treat pain and dysentery.
Meth is produced in that forms?	pills, powders, or chunky crystals known as ice. The crystal form is nicknamed crystal meth.
What act allows natives the rights to use peyote in religious services?	American Religious Freedom Act
What is one of the newer hallucinogens?	MDMA or ecstacy
What is one of the most addictive drugs on the market?	Nicotine
How much smoking of nicotine do you need to do to start developing a tolerance?	A few hours
What is mate?	It is a caffeine drink made from the ilex plant
What is casinna?	tea plant found in the US used as a caffeine beverage
What do researchers report as an overdose level of caffeine?	1 gram. Average cup of coffee has 85 to 100 milligrams.
Estimated societal costs affect which category the most?	Lost potential productivity
What is hepatitis?	liver-damaging viruses that are spread through exposure to contaminated blood and body fluids. Hepatitis B and C (most common in US).
Is there a vaccine for Hepatitis C?	no
What is tolerance?	that a higher dosage of the drug is needed to produce the same level of effect over a period of time.
What is a drug?	any nonfood substance whose chemical or physical nature significantly alters structure, function, or perception of a living organism. Legality has no bearing on the definition.
What are instrumental drugs?	Drugs used to reduce anxiety, induce sleep, stay awake, and so on.
What are the two types of tolerance?	Metabolic tolerance- liver is breaking down the chemical. Over time it metabolizes faster and eliminates it from the body. Pharmacodynamic tolerance- central nervous system increasing insensitivity to a chemical
What is withdrawal?	specific set of symptoms that occur when use of a drug is discontinued.
What is motivational interviewing?	process to elicit change int he client through skillful questioning
What is the difference academically between a substance abuse counselor and a mental health counselor?	Substance abuse counselor only needs a few specialized courses, where a mental health counselor needs a master's degree.
Justice	fairness
Beneficence	promote mental health and wellness
Nonmaleficence	do no harm
Autonomy	foster self-determination
Fidelity	trust
Veracity	truthfulness and honesty
What is one important commonality that exists in all five highlighted ethical codes?	confidentiality and client rights
Which laws protect the confidentiality of substance abuse clients?	42 CFR and HIPAA
What did the Tarasoff court decision put into place?	Some limitations to confidentiality. Duty to protect a third party, harm to self, elder or child abuse, valid court order, diseases (some states).
When should a client be made aware of the federal confidentiality requirements of CFR 42?	at the time of admission or when the client is capable to rational communication
What is the purpose of HIPAA?	To protect individually identifiable health information while increasing the flow of information between health care providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses.
HIPPA does not apply to what two things?	health information contained in employer records or in educational records.
In a group setting, are group members legally bound to confidentiality?	No!
Can a group member actually be made to testify against another group member?	Yes
What was the Cox vs. Miller case about?	Man admitted to killing two people while under the influence. Group members had to testify.
What does FERPA stand for?	Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Generally, parents have legal authority over their minor children. True or False.	True. FERPA, IDEA, and PPRA ensure parental authority, whereas CFR42 and HIPAA restrict information that can be shared with parents.
Do school counselors need consent from parents to work with their child?	No, just the minor's assent. It is always better to have both.
What does FERPA give parents the right to do?	inspect their child's school records, but once the child turns 18 the right is transferred to the child.
Are school counselors notes considered school records?	Yes, once anyone other than the counselor knows of their existence.
What is the purpose the individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)?	Intended to give students with disabilities a free appropriate public education with accommodations in the least restrictive environment. It now includes private schools too.
What is the Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment of 1994 (PPRA)?	states that information collected from students through surveys, analyses, or evaluations funded by the US Department of Education must be available for parental inspection.
PPRA also states that state and local entities need to receive parental consent prior to asking students _____________?	political affiliation, mental and psychological problems, sexual behaviors, illegal or incriminating behavior, clinical assessments, privileged information, religious practices, income
Addiction is a disease that affects both the brain and _______________.	behavior
Drug users have a tendency to _______________ rather than _________.	inhale, inject.
Corpus callosum	serves as the communication vehicle between the left and right hemispheres.
The left side of the brain controls the __________ side of the body. The right side of the brain controls the __________ side of the body.	Right, left
The left hemisphere is concerned with?	thinking and intellectual functions such as logic, verbal ability, and language.
The right hemisphere is concerned with?	creative side involved with spacial relationships, nonverbal info, and communicating emotion.
The left hemisphere uses ___________ while the right hemisphere uses _______________.	words, pictures
The brain consists of three basic parts:	hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
Which part of the brain does substance abuse most often interact with?	forebrain
The cortex is located in which part of the brain?	forebrain
What kinds of activities take place in the cortex?	thought, perception, motor function, sensory data processing, and vision.
What does the diencephalon include?	the thalamus and hypothalamus
The hypothalamus regulates more basic primitive functions such as?	hormonal activity, thirst, hunger, temperature, sex drive, and sleep.
What is the name of the specialized nerve cells in the limbic system that create the feeling of pleasure?	nucleus accumbens
What does the blood-brain barrier do?	acts to keep certain substances in the blood away from brain cells.
What is plasticity?	Ability of brain cells to remember
What is excitotoxicity?	repeated exposure to drugs causes damage and kills NMDA neurons which alters plasticity.
Drugs with low potential for abuse or currently accepted medical use. Schedule rating?	Schedule V
Drugs with high potential for abuse and not currently acceptable for medical use. Schedule rating?	Schedule I
Examples of depressants?	ethanol, barbiturates, methaqualone, meprobamate, and benzodiazepines
Why are CNS (central nervous system) depressants sometimes called top-down depressants?	Because their action begins in the cerebral cortex and works its way down to the core of the brain.
What is cross-tolerance?	Ability of one classification of drugs to produce tolerance to effects of a different class of drugs.
What is potentiation?	Ability of the combined action of some drugs used together to be greater than the sum of the effects of the drug being used alone.
Alcohol is considered a _____________________.	depressant
What is the most used psychoactive drug in existence?	alcohol
What is considered legal intoxication in most states?	.08 which is about three standard drinks within 1 hour
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?	brain syndrome that is the result of thiamin deficiency from drinking too much.
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms?	hyperarousal, alcoholic hallucinations, seizures, and delirium tremens
Why do women reach higher level of blood alcohol levels from consuming the same amount as men?	Women have a lower body water content than men. Also women have less gastric alcohol dehrdogenase then men and can't metabolize in the same way.
What is a teratogenic agent?	something that produces defects in utero
Who is the typical long-term user of benzos?	female over 50 years old with multiple chronic health problems.
What are benzodiazepines used for?	anxiety and sleep, to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal from other drugs, and to enhance the effects of heroin, alcohol, and marijuana.
Barbiturates are either taken orally or ______________ to produce the intoxication similar to _______________.	injected, alcohol
Barbiturates have become less popular because of _________________	benzodiazepines
What is GHB?	Club drug, depressant, popular among the young, and used as a date rape drug.
What is the narcotic triad?	overdoses can be detected by three things: coma, depressed respiration, and pinpoint pupils.
Examples of stimulants.	Cocaine, amphetamine, prescription weight-reducing products, amphetamine like drugs such as Riatalin, nicotine, and caffeine.
What have stimulants traditionally been used for?	asthma, obesity, neurological disorders, alertness, attention, and energy.
Cocaine is listed as a Schedule ______ drug?	2
Cocaine use directly affects the ______________ muscle.	heart
What form of cocaine use has the highest addictive potential?	smoking crack
Amphetamines include prescription drugs such as _________________	Adderall, Ritalin, and Concerta. All stimulants. Schedule 2 drug.
What is the most potent form of amphetamine?	Methamphetamine. Schedule 2
Nicotine's Schudule Number?	Does not have one.
What is the leading cause of preventable death in the US?	Nicotine use
Nicotine is both a _______________ and a __________________ to the central nervous system.	stimulant and sedative
What is the most widely consumed psychoactive agent in the world?	Caffeine
Caffeinism?	chronic overuse of caffeine
What is the most widely abused illicit drug in the US?	Marijuana
What is Marijuana on the Schedule of Substances?	Schedule 1
Most hallucinogens contain nitrogen and have chemical structures similar to those of natural neurotransmitters such as ____________	serotonin
What are the four most common hallucinogens?	LSD, peyote, psilocybin, and PCP
LSD is between 100 and __________ times more powerful than natural hallucinogens.	1,000
LDS is a Schedule ___ drug.	1
There is no potential for physical dependency on LSD. True or False.	True
PCP, phencyclindine, is a ___________________ drug.	Hallucinogenic
PCP is a Schedule _____ drug.	1
Staying high on PCP may last ___ to ___ days.	2 to 3
Ketamine is a Schedule ___ drug.	3
Ecstasy (MDMA) is a club drug that creates ____________________.	Empathogenesis
What is empathogenesis?	Ability to open up, feel affection and connectiveness to everyone around them
Ecstasy has both stimulant and __________________ effects.	hallucinogenic
MDMA use can create problems with ________ and ___________.	learning and memory.
Are inhalants on the Schedule list?	No
Anabolic steroids are listed as a Schedule ___ drug	3
What types of personalities are more associated with anabolic steroid use?	histronic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline
Which racial/ethnic group has the lowest rates of substance abuse?	Asians
In the moral theory, those who couldn't hold their liquor were considered ________________ ___________________.	morally corrupt
Why do people use according to the moral theory?	Social influences and relief from a negative emotional state.
What is underregulation? (moral theory)	failure to establish standards of behavior or conflicts of standards
What is misregualtion? (moral theory)	misdirected attempts to self-regulate behavior
What do people continue using according to the moral theory?	perceived rewards- pain reduction, increased energy
According to moral theory, how can the addict recover?	Develop alternative rewards
Moral theorists believe that addiction can be ________________.	Cured
AA is associated with which theory of use?	Disease theory
What is the Jellinek curve?	A chart showing the progression of alcoholism as a disease.
Why do people drink according to the disease theory?	This theory does not address why. Disease lies dormant until the first use.
What are the phases of Jellinek's model?	Pre-alcoholic stage, prodromal phase (relieve pain), crucial phase, chronic phase
According to the disease theory, an alcoholic or addict is never cured, rather in ___________________	remission or recovering
In the disease model, relapse is seen as a _______________ and part of the _______________ ___________________.	failure, recovery process
What is MM or Modern Management?	group founded in 1994 that is aimed at harm-reduction to help drinkers moderate their consumption rather than abstain.
What is the prominent theory for diagnosing substance disorders?	The disease theory
Genetic theory has found two typologies of alcoholics. What are they?	Type A and Type B
Describe Type A alcoholics.	later onset, fewer childhood risk factors, less severe dependence, fewer alcohol-related problems, and less psychopathological dysfunction
Describe Type B alcoholics.	Childhood risk factors, familial alcoholism, early onset, greater severity of dependence, polydrug use,more life stress, and greater psychopathological dysfunction
What is Type 1 alcoholism?	transmitted cross-gender. Less criminal behavior, less dependent personalities, less violent, and later onset (usually after 25)
What is Type 2 alcoholism?	transmitted to same gender. More violent behavior, have signs of compulsive drinking, more dependent personality traits.
Genetic factors contribute between ___ and __ % of the variance of risk for alcoholism. Illicit drug percentage?	50 to 60, 45% to 79%
In the genetic theory, initial alcohol use is more likely ____________________ and occur with ________________ use and marijuana.	environmental, tobacco
Which factor of the Big Five would be a risk factor for ATOD use?	Neuroticism
The genetic theory considers recovery a _____________.	process
According to the behavioral theory, what are the three modes of behavioral control that are important for understanding alcohol addiction?	stimulus-response (Pavlov), repeat of stimulation that leads to increased activity(goal-directed), and continued behavior regardless of consequences (habit)
What are the three ways to change the behavior of an addict according to the behavioral theory?	1. present stimulus until negative effect results 2. introduce stimulus selectively until they don't respond in habitual manner 3. replace habit with a new habit (switching addictions)
According to behavioral theory, what three triggers can cause a relapse?	drinking a small amount of alcohol, exposure to alcohol-related cues, and stress
Which groups have the highest rates for substance abuse?	Whites and Native Americans
What are the five groups of alcoholics in the five-cluster model?	1. young adult 2. functional 3. intermediate familial 4. young antisocial 5. chronic severe
What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and drug use?	Adolescents with lower SES and adults with high SES are more likely to engage in substance abuse
What is generational forgetting as applied to drug use?	involves the fading use of current drugs and reintroduction of older drugs
What is the key predictor of substance abuse for HIspanics?	acculturation
What parenting styles are related to more alcohol related problems?	permissive and authoritarian.
How is the Integral Quadrant Model different from a 12-step model?	Based on empowerment as opposed to powerlessness, it identifies uniqueness of individuals as opposed to similarities, cross-cultural, cross-cultural spirituality opposed to Christianity, and harm reduction rather than abstinence.