Phosphodiesterase inhibitors used for vasodilators:
Milrinone
Inamrinon
Examples of Nitric oxide donors used for vasodilators
Nitroprusside
How are Beta blockers administered?
Started with low doses and gradually increased
What are the causes of diuretic resistance in HF?
Noncompliance with regimen
Excess dietary Na+ intake
Decreased renal perfusion and GFR
Selective reduction in glomerular perfusion pressure following initiation of ACEI therapy
NSAIDs
Primary renal pathology
Reduced or impaired diuretic absorption
Examples of Cyclic AMP Independent Agents:
Digitalis
Pimobendan
Objectives of Long Term Management of Chronic Cardiac Failure:
Improve cardiac performance at rest and during exercise
Relieve symptoms
Improve myocardial efficiency
Improve quality of life (particularly symptom-free and effort tolerance)
Improve patient survival
When are beta blockers contraindicated?
In severe, refractory, or unstable cases
Examples of Digitalis glycosides:
Digitalis purpura
Digitalis lanata
Strophanthus
How do positive inotropic agents increase force of contraction?
By increasing intracellular cardiac Ca++ concentration
