Question | Answer |
This government organization has strict rules about "claims. Manufacture must provide specific nutrition info relevant to claim. | ~ FDA |
What does "enriched" mean? | ~ Nutrients were there at first, but were lost after processing. |
What does "fortified" mean? | ~ Nutrients added to food that were never there to begin with. |
What is the purpose of the food guide pyramid? | ~ Guide individuals w. daily eating habits and present a better visual of proportions. |
What design was used before the food pyramid and why was it changed? | ~ the "basic 4" (box shaped). Too high in Fats and Proteins |
What year was the newest food pyramid created and what is it's focus? | ~ 2005, points out nutrient dense foods (measure of nut/cal of food) |
What are the food groups in the pyramid? | ~ Grains, Veg, Frui, Milk, Meat&Beans, and Grains. |
From smallest to largest, what is the parts of matter? | ~ Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, and Organ System. |
What are basic building blocks of all matter called? | ~ Atoms |
2 or more atome combined is called: | ~ molecules |
What is bigger than an atom and performs cellular functions within a cell? | ~ an organelle |
What is the smallest unit capable of life? | ~ a cell |
What are similar cells together that perform a function called? | ~ Tissue |
Name 4 types of tissues and what they do? | ~ Epithelial (lines the body and organs), Connective (connects and supports), Muscle (contracts), and Nervous (communication by electrical impulses) |
What is an integrated collection of 2 or more tissues called? | ~ Organs |
Organs that work together to perform a mafor body function is called? | ~ Organ Systems |
What 2 things regulate the Digestive Sytem? | ~ hormones and nervous systm |
Name some examples of mechanical digestion? | ~ Chewing food, churning of stomach, and segmentation |
What is the purpose of chemical digestion? | ~ to break down nutrients into building blocks |
The movement of nutrients to bloodstream is called: | ~ Absorption |
Approx. how long is the digestive tube (from mouth to anus)? | ~ 30 feet long |
How long does it usually take to transmit food from mouth to anus? | ~ 24-72 hours |
What are 4 things that can alter the time it takes to digest food? | ~ Diet, Activity, Emotions, and Medications |
What are 2 functions that saliva have? | ~ lubercates food, and Amylase breaks down carbs |
By teeth chewing food, how is it helping chemical digestion? | ~ By allowing more surface area for enzymes to work on. |
The purpose of the tounge is: | ~ to taste and manipulat food into bolus |
How does the bolus move through the esophagus? | ~ by peristalsis (a rhythmic muscle contraction) |
The main purpose of the stomach is: | ~ to store food |
What 2 things easily absorbs through the stomach? | ~ water and alcohol |
What is the name of the controllers of the entrance and exit of the stomach? | ~ entrance=gastroesophageal sphincter and exit=pyloric sphincter |
Secretions in the stomach (like hydrochloric acid) does what: | ~ mechanically digests by unravleling protein and kills bacteria in stomach |
What enzyme is present in the stomach? | ~ pepsin (for protein digestion) |
What is chyme composed of and where is it made? | ~ food and acid/ in the stomach |
What function does Rugae provide? | ~ Allows the stomach to expand |
What 2 things mechanically break down food in the stomach? | ~ stomach muscles churning food and stomach acid unraveling proteins. |
What 4 important things protect the stomach from it's acid? | ~ mucas (by protecting the stomach lining), cells are shed and replaced, tight junctions between cells, secrete inactive enzymes that neutralize acid |
Where is the primary site of all digestion and absorption of all nutrients? | ~ in the small intestine |
The small intestine has an inner lining composed of ?? that provides ?? | ~ Villi & microvilli / more surface area to facilitate digestion |
Nutrients are absorbed through the inner lining of SI and then absorbe where? | ~ to the blood, then carried to liver |
The main place that secretions to SI provide enzymes for chemical digestion comes from: | ~ the pancreas |
Name 4 enzymes that work in SI and what they break down into? | ~ bicarbonate (neutralize chyme), Amylase (carbs to simple sugars), Lipase (fats to fatty acids), peptidase/ trysin/ chymotrypsin/ carboxypeptidase (proteins to ammino acids) |
Where is bile made and stored? | ~ made in liver, stored in gallbladder |
Bile helps breakdown ? for what reason? | ~ Fat in SI, to provide more surface area for lipase to attack |
The main function of the Large Instestine is: | ~ to reabsorb water and electrolytes |
Feces is stored, formed and transported in: | ~ the large intestine |
What is still helping digest in Large int. ? | ~ Cellulose |
What 2 vitimins are found in large intestine? | ~ Bs, and K |
How is digestive system sensitive to malnutrition? | ~ Si shrinks, w/o fiber (which retains h20) si has insufficient bulk for muscles to push against. |
Storage from glucose called ? is stored in ? and ? | ~ glycogen, liver and muscle cells |
What organ processes some of the waste that cells generate? | ~ liver (sends to digestive tract) |
What organ filter blood creating urine? | ~ kidneys |
Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus is called: | ~ heartburn |
How can you help avoid heartburn? | ~ small meals, avoid spices, lose weight, don't lay down after eating |
What is the difference between antacids (tums) and acid blockers (pepcid ac)? | ~ antacids neutralize acids in stomach / Acid blockers stop acid production |
Where are three common areas for ulcers? | ~ esophagus, stomach, upper SI |
What are 3 things that can cause an ulcer? | ~ bacteria, anti-imflamatory drugs, excess acid production |
A protrusion of organ or organ part through a wall or chamber is called a ? | ~ Hernia |
What are some things that can cause a hernia? | ~ coughing or sneezing, diarrhea or constipation, obesity, lifting |
What are things to help with constipation? | ~ inc. fat & fiber, drink h20, prunes, squat |
Carbohydrates are made up of : | ~ carbon and h2o |
The first link in food chain that supports all life on earth is : | ~ carbohydrates |
Carbs come from ? except ? | ~ plants, milk |
The main point of carbs for us is to : | ~ provide energy |
Glucose is made by plants by : | ~ photosynthesis |
What is known as blood sugar or dextrose? | ~ Glucose |
Which monosacharide is the most abundant in the body? | ~ Glucose |
Name 3 monosacharides and an example | ~ Glucose (dextrose), Fructose (honey), Galactose (part of milk sugar) |
Name 3 disacharides and what sugars make them up? | ~ Sucrose (glucose + fuctose), Maltose (glucose + glucose), and Lactose (glucose + galactose) |
What kind of sugar is uses as table sugar? | ~ Sucrose |
What are hundreds of glucoses linked called? | ~ Starch |
What uses starch for storage of carbs? | ~ plants |
Complex carbs are also known as: | ~ polysaccharides |
Long chains of glucose linked together that have more branches than starch are: | ~ Glycogen |
The storage form of carbs in animals is called: | ~ Glycogen |
A part of fiber that can not be digested by humans is: | ~ Cellose |
Name 3 complex carbs/ or polysaccharides | ~ Starch, Glycogen, and Fiber |
What may lower cholesterol by delaying cholesterol absorption and binding bile | ~ Fiber |
Refing wheat into flour involves removing ?, ?, and ? | ~ Chaff, bran, and Germ |
How much of the wheat is used to make whole grain? | ~ all, but the husk |
What part of wheat is used to make white bread? | ~ endosperm |
What type of carb is preferred by body and chief fuel for brain? | ~ Glucose |
If body is low in carbs, ? and ? are used for fuel | ~ fats & proteins |
Are complex carbs fattening? why? | ~ No, it is easier to convert food fat to fat and it takes energy to convert glucose to fat |
Which type of sugars displace nutrient dense foods, pure or refined? | ~ pure sugar |
What type of sugar is termed empty calories, refined or pure sugar? | ~ refined sugar |
Enzymes convert polysaccharides to : | ~ monosaccarides |
What transports glucose to the liver for processing? | ~ blood |
What organ releases insulin and what does insulin do for us? | ~ pancrease, brings blood sugar down (glucose) |
If glycogen stores are full in the liver and body's needs are met, glucose is then stored as: | ~ Fat |
If blood sugar is low ? releases ? to the blood to increase glucose levels and the liver break down ? | ~ Pancrease / Glucagon Glucogen to glucose |
20% of all diabetes is type ? which is when your body provides inadequate insulin | ~ type 1 |
In type ? diabetes insulin production is fine, but : | ~ type 2 , problem with insulin recepters |
The influence of carbs on raising blood glucose and insulin levels is called the ? effect. | ~ Glycemic effect |
In glycomic effect, which one changes blood level back to normal: Low effect or High effect? | ~ Low effect, because high effect is a fast absorption and an over-reaction of insulin. |
What 3 things can slow digestion and absorbtion in regards to the glycemic effect? | ~ fiber, protein, and fats |
Is Hypoglycemia a rare or common medical condition? | ~ rare |
A medical condition in which blood glucose levels falls too low? | ~ Hypoglycemia |
Consuming sugar is only bad when it displaces : | ~ Nutrient dense food |
What are the 5 functions of Lipids (Fats)? | ~ Longterm storage, protection, insulation, cell structure (membrane), and raw material from bile and hormone production. |
What are 3 classes of lipids | ~ Triglycerides (storage form of fat), Phospholipids (cell membrane), sterols (cholesterol, hormones) |
What type of lipid is 95% of all lipids consumed in our diet? | ~ triglycerides |
Most fat in animals is what type: saturation/unsat fat | ~ Saturated Fats |
A fat full of hydrogen that does not have one or more double bonds? | ~ Saturated |
Regarding saturated fats, we should reduce ? and increase ? | ~ Saturated fats / unsaturated fats |
We can synthesize all fatty acids from carbs, fat and protein except: | ~ Linoleic acid & Linolenic acid |
Unsaturated fatty acids are classified as: | ~ Omega 6 , Omega 3 |
? found in fish oil are linked to reductions in cardiovascular problems, asthma, arthritis, and cancer. | ~ Omega 3 |
Trans fatty acids (transfat) is formed from: | ~ Hydrogenation process to unsaturnate fats |
Examples of saturnated fats that have been turned unsaturnated are: | ~ Margarines, shortenings, some peanut butters |
Cholesterol is found only in food from ? sources | ~ animal` |
Cholesterol is necessary for our body, but not ? | ~ essential |
What is the name of the molecule that transports lipids? | ~ Lipoproteins |
LDL (low-density lipoproteins) are good or bad and should be what #? | ~ BAD, < 130 |
Hdl (high density lipoproteins) are good or bad and should be what #? | ~ Good, > 35 |
Does LDL or HDL carry cholesterol back to liver for removal? | ~ HDL |
Can most cells break down cholesterol? | ~ No |