Question | Answer |
ACID | contains H+ ions |
ACTIVATION ENERGY | the minimum amount of energy required for a successful reaction to happen |
ADDITIVE | substances added to food to enhance flavour, colour, shelf- life |
ALKALI | soluble base |
ALLOY | mixtures of metals or mixtures of metal with a non-metal (e.g. Steel is Iron & Carbon) |
ANHYDROUS | water is absent in the crystal product (e.g anhydrous Copper Sulphate is white) |
ANODE | positive electrode. Negative ions attracted to it |
AQUEOUS SOLUTION | a solution that contains water as the solvent |
ATOMIC NUMBER | number of protons or electrons an element has |
BASE | substance that will neutralise an acid |
BAUXITE | an ore that contains Aluminium |
BRINE | Aqueous solution of salt (Sodium Chloride) and water |
CATALYST | speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy, usually a transition metal |
CATHODE | negative electrode in electrolysis. Positive ions attracted to it |
CHROMATOGRAPHY | a method for separating different mixtures of chemicals based on their properties (e.g. solubility) |
CLOSED SYSTEM | where reactants or products cannot escape |
COLLISION THEORY | describes how particles behave in a reaction |
CONCENTRATION | the ‘amount’ of substance |
CORROSION | electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material |
COVALENT | electrons are shared between non-metals |
CRYOLITE | lowers the melting point of Aluminium Oxide |
DECOMPOSE | break down into simpler compounds or elements |
DELOCALISED | where electrons are free to move within structure, allows a charge to be carried |
DIAMOND | Giant covalent – made from C atoms |
DUCTILE | able to be drawn into thin wires |
ELECTROLYSIS | splitting IONIC compounds into ions using electricity |
ELECTROLYTE | the solution electrolysis is carried out in |
ELECTRON | orbits nucleus, has negative charge |
ELECTRON SHELL | electrons fill shells in the sequence 2,8,8,2. |
ELECTROPLATING | Coat (a metal object) by electrolytic deposition with another metal |
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION | attraction between ions with opposite charges |
EMPIRICAL FORMULA | simplest ratio of atoms in a compound |
ENDOTHERMIC | a reaction which takes in heat energy from its surroundings |
ENZYME | a biological catalyst |
EQUILIBRIUM | A ‘balance’ in a reversible reaction between reactants and products |
EXOTHERMIC | a reaction which releases heat energy |
FORMULA MASS | atomic masses added together |
FULLERENES | A form of carbon having a large spheroidal molecule consisting of a hollow cage of atoms |
GRAPHITE | Giant covalent. Made of C atoms. Layers can slide over each other. Has delocalised electrons |
HYDRATED | when water is present in the crystal (e.g. Hydrated Copper Sulphate is Blue) |
HYDROXIDE | ions that make a substance alkali |
INDICATOR | changes colour according to the pH of the solution |
INSOLUBLE | will not dissolve in water |
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE | weak force between simple molecules |
ION | an atom that has a charge (because it has lost or gained an electron) |
IONIC | electrons are lost or gained between metal and non-metal atoms |
ISOTOPE | atom of same element with different numbers of neutrons |
LATTICE | a 3-D structure of bonds |
MACROMOLECULE | a large molecular structure (e.g giant covalent) |
MALLEABLE | metal atoms can slide past each other so metals can be shaped |
MASS (Mr) | the formula mass of a compound |
MASS SPECTROMETRY | detects the mass or charge of chemicals in a substance |
MOLE | formula mass of a compound or atomic mass of an atom |
MOLECULAR ION PEAK | the peak in a spectrum corresponding to the mass of the molecular weight of the compound |
MOLTEN | liquefied by heat- ions are free to move |
MONOMER | an alkene unit used to form polymers |
NANOTECHNOLOGY | very very small scale (10-9) |
NEUTRAL | pH of 7 |
NEUTRALISATION | reaction when an acid reacts completely with a base |
NITRATES | salts formed by the reation of Nitric Acid with a base |
NUCLEUS | centre of the atom – contains protons and neutrons |
NEUTRON | has no charge and a mass of 1. Found in the nucleus |
OXIDATION | the loss of electrons |
pH | a measure of the concentration of Hydrogen ions |
PHOTOSYNTHESIS | chemical reaction that produces glucose and oxygen from water carbon dioxide and light energy |
POLYMER | a long chain of single bond repeating monomer units |
PRECIPITATE | when you get a solid formed in solution |
PRODUCT | what is made in a chemical reaction (on right hand side of equation) |
PROTON | has a positive charge. Found in the nucleus. Mass of 1 |
REACTANT | the reacting chemicals in a reaction (on left side of equation) |
REACTION RATE | how fast the reaction happens |
REDOX | a reaction where oxidation and reduction happen |
REDUCTION | the gain of electrons |
REVERSIBLE | reaction can go forwards and backwards (double arrows) |
RESPIRATION | chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide and water from glucose and oxygen (reverse of photosynthesis) |
RETENTION TIME | the amount of time taken from the injection of a sample into a Gas Chromatography machine to the recording of the maximum peak in the sample |
REVERSIBLE REACTION | where the reactants make the products and products can re-form the reactants |
SOLUBLE | dissolves in water |
SOLUTE | substance being dissolved |
SOLUTION | mixture of solvent and solute |
SULFATES | salts formed when Sulfuric Acid reacts with a base |
SUSTAINABLE | using resources without affecting the ability of people in the future to use those resources |
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION | breaking down into simpler compounds using heat |
THERMOSOFTENING | polymers that can be re-heated and re-moulded |
THERMOSETTING | once set, these polymers cannot be remoulded |
TRANSITION METALS | middle block of metals in the Periodic Table |
YIELD | the amount of product you make in a reaction |