Question | Answer |
What was Dalton's first atomic theory? | All elemnts are composed of tiny invisble particles. |
What was Dalton's second atomic theory? | Atoms of the same element are identical. The atoms of any one element are diffrent from those of any other element. |
What was Dalton's third atomic theory? | Atoms of diffrent elements can chemically combine with one another to make a whole. |
What was Dalton's fourth atomic theory? | Chemical reactions occur when atoms are seperated, joined, and rearranged. |
What did JJ Thompson do? | He invented the Cathode Ray Tube experiment. |
What did JJ Thompson saw? | He saw the ray curl toward the positive magnet and away from the negative magnet. |
What did JJ Thompson learn? | He learned that the ray was negative. |
What did James Chadwick confirm? | He confirmed the existence of neutrons. |
What did E Goldstein do? | He realized that the proton was positive because of the Cathode Ray Tube. |
What is another name for alpha particles? | Protons stuck together. |
What did Rutherford do? | He shot alpha particles at a thin piece of gold foil and expected them to go right through. |
What did Rutherford saw? | He saw that most went through, but was surprised that some bounced off in random angles. |
What did Rutherford learn? | He learned that an atom is mostly empty space, but must have a dense positive center, where most of it's mass can be found. |
What is an atomic number? | The number of protons in the nucleus. |
How do you find the mass number? | Number of protons plus the number of neutrons. |
How do you find the neutron number? | Mass number minus atomic number. |
What is an isotope? | Atoms with the same number of protons, but diffrent number of neutrons. |
What does AMU stand for? | Atomic Mass Unit. |
What is the average atomic mass? | A weighted mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring sample of the element. |
Who first organized the elements in order of increasing atomic mass? | Mendeleev |
Who determined the periodic table in which we do today? | Henery Mosley, in 1913 |
What are periods? | The horizontal rows of the periodic table. |
What does the periodic law state? | When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repitition of their physical and chemical properties? |
What is a group? | A vertical column of elements in the periodic table. |
What is another name for a group? | A family |
What are representative elements? | Are elements that exhibit a wide range of both physical and chemical properties. |
What are the characteristics of metals? | -They have a high electrical conductivity -Have a high lust when clean -Ductile |
What are the characteristics of nonmetals? | -Poor conductors -Nonlustrous -nonductile |
What are the characteristics of Metalloids? | They have some characteristics of metals and nonmetals. |
What are halogens? | Nonmetals |
What are noble gases sometime called? | Intert gases |
What is Thompson's plum pudding model? | He believed that the atom was a ball with a positive charge with negative electrons stuck in it. |
What is Rutherford's nuclear model? | He believed that most of the atom's mass is concentrated in a small, positivley charge region called the nucleus. |
What is Bohr's model? | He believed that electrons travel in definite orbits around the nucleus. |
What are atomic orbitals? | Region where you expect to find electrons 90% of the time. |
How many S orbitals are there in each level? | 1 |
How many P orbitals are there in each level? | 3 starting at the second level. |
How many D orbitals are there in each level? | 5 starting at the third level. |
How many F orbitals are there in each level? | 7 starting at the fourth level. |
What is the S orbital shape? | Sphere |
What is the P orbital shape? | Dumbell |
What is the D orbital shape? | Clover, dumbell with a donut |
What is the F orbital shape? | To complex |
How many electrons fit into an orbital? | 2 electrons |
What is the order of the energy levels starting from the lowest? | S, P, D, and F |
What does the aufbau principle state? | Electrons enter the lowest energy orbital first. |
Are electrons lazy? | Yes |
What is Pouli's exclusion principle? | The two electons have opposite spins and there can only be two electrons in each orbital. |
What is Hund's rule? | He said that the electron will occupy another orbital before paring up. |
Atomic Size:What happens in a group trend ? | Atomic size decreases as you move right. |
Ionization Energy: | Energy required to remove an electron from an element in a gaseous state. |
Ionization Energy: Group Trend | Ionization energy decreases as you move down a group. |
If an electron is far from the nucleus does it require much energy to remove it? | No |
Ionization Energy: Periodic Trend | Ionization energy increases as you move right. |
Electronegativity: | Tendency of an element to hold electrons closley in a bond. |
Electronegativity: Group trend | Electronegativity decreases as you move down. |
Electronegativity: Periodic trend | Electronegativity incrases as you move right. |