Question | Answer |
carbohydrate | a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone, or a substance that gives these compounds on hydrolysis |
monosaccharide | single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit |
oligosaccharide | short chains of monosaccharides |
polysaccharide | long chains of monosaccharides |
aldose | a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group |
ketose | a monosaccharide containing a ketone group |
Fischer projection | a two dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters |
pyranose | a six-membered hemiacetal ring |
furanose | a five-membered hemiacetal ring |
mutarotation | the change in specific rotation that accompanies the equilibration of a- and b-structures |
glycoside | a cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide |
glycosidic bond | the bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR group |
alditol | the reduced form of a monosaccharide where the carbonyl group is reduced and the result is a polyhydroxy compound |
aldonic acid | the oxidized form of a monosaccharide where the aldehyde group is oxidized to a carboxylic acid |
reducing sugar | any carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid |
uronic acid | the product formed when carbon 6 is oxidized by enzymes to the carboxylic acid |
Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is the first step in | glycolysis |
Sucrose or table sugar is made up of the two monosaccharides ____ and ___. | glucose and fructose |
Lactose is made up of the two monosaccharides ______ and ______ | glucose and galactose |
Maltose is made up of two units of the monosaccharide | glucose |
What is the difference between a homopolysaccharide and a heteropolysaccharide? | Homopolysaccharide is made up of same the monosaccharides. Heteropolysaccharide is made up of different monosaccharides |
The two polysaccharides that make up starch are amylose and amylopectin. a) What is the structure of amylose and amylopectin? | Amylose unbranched chains 4000 D-glucose units joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin contains chains up to 10,000 D-glucose units also joined by a-1,4-glycosidic bonds; at branch points, new chains of 24 to 30 units are a 1-6 glycosidic bonds |
What type of glycosidic bonds (a or b) do they have in their structure? | |
Glycogen is the energy reserve carbohydrate for animals. a) Where is it stored in the body? b) What is the structure of glycogen? c) Does it have a or b glycosidic linkages? | a) muscle and liver b)a branched polysaccharide of approximately 106 glucose units joined by a-1,4- and a-1,6-glycosidic bonds c) |
Cellulose is the most widely distributed plant structural material. a) What is the structure of cellulose? b) Does it have a or b glycosidic linkages? | a) a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units joined by b-1,4-glycosidic bonds b) |
Why can humans use starch and glycogen as a source of nutrition but can't use cellulose? | Our digestive systems do not contain b-glucosidases, enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of b-glucosidic bonds. Our digestive systems have only a-glucosidases |
Hyaluronic acid is composed of repeating units of glucuronic acid and the N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine. Where is it found mostly in the body? | In embryonic tissues and in specialized connective tissues such as synovial fluid, the lubricant of joints in the body, and the vitreous of the eye where it provides a clear, elastic gel that maintains the retina in its proper position |
What is the general molecular formula for monosaccharides? | CnH2nOn |