Question | Answer |
Reproducibility | Ability to be produced again |
Atomic Theory | Detailed idea of how something works |
Ion | Charged atom or molecule |
Cation | Positive ion |
Anion | Negative ion |
Precision | Degree to which a measurement can be repeated to give the same result |
Accuracy | How close the measurement is to the true value |
Most of atom's volume | Electron cloud |
Most of atom's mass | Nucleus |
Atomic Number | Number of protons |
Isotope | Same element, different number of neutrons |
Mass number - Atomic Number | Number of neutrons |
Atomic Weight | Average mass of all the isotopes in nature (Carbon = 12.011 g) |
Periodic Table | The icon of chemistry |
Cathode Ray Tube Experiment led to the . . . | Discovery of the electron |
Horizontal Rows of the Periodic Table | Periods |
Vertical Columns of the Periodic Table | Groups |
Heterogeneous Mixture | Varies throughout the sample |
Homogeneous Mixture | Uniform throughout the sample |
Physical Properties | Observed without changing composition of substance. Color, odor, density, melting/boiling point |
Chemical Properties | Describe the way a substance may change or react to form other substances. Ex: flammability (burn in presence of oxygen) |
Intensive Properties | Do not depend on sample size. Temperature, density |
Extensive Properties | Depend on sample size. Mass, volume |
Longest/Highest wavelength | Lowest frequency and energy |
Amplitude | Height of a wave |
Wavelength | Distance between adjacent peaks |
Limitations of the Bohr Model | - Cannot explain spectra of other atoms
- Makes assumptions about the electron |
Continuous Spectrum | Rainbow of colors with light of all wavelengths |
Line Spectrum | A spectrum containing radiation of only a specific wavelength |
Uncertainty Principle | Inherently impossible for us to know both the electron's exact momentum and location simultaneously |
Wave-Particle Duality | Light and other things can exhibit characteristics of both particles and waves |
Schrodinger Equations | - Only certain "wavefunction" would work
- Wavefunction = solutions = orbitals
- Orbitals are not orbits
- Treated electron as a standing wave around the nucleus |
n | Principle quantum number |
l | Angular momentum quantum number. Tells the number of angular nodes. |
m(l) | Magnetic quantum number. Tells the orientation |
n - 1 | Total number of nodes |
n - l - 1 | Number of radial nodes |
S-type Orbitals | Spherical. 1 orientation, 2 electrons |
P-type Orbitals | Dumbbell-shaped. 3 orientations, 6 electrons |
D-type Orbitals | Teardrop shaped. 5 orientations, 10 electrons |
F-type Orbitals | 7 orientations, 14 electrons |
Pauli Exclusion Principle | - No two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, m(l), m(s)) |
Electron Configuration | The way in which the electrons are distributed among the various orbitals |
Effective Nuclear Charge | The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a many-electron atom; this charge is not the full nuclear charge because there is some shielding of the nucleus by the other electrons in the atom. |
Valance Electrons | Electrons with the in the highest principle quantum number |
Core Electrons | Any electrons that are not valance electrons |
Ionization Energy | The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the atom |
Electron Affinity | The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion. The attraction of the atom for the electron. Opposite of ionization energy |
Metals | - Exhibit shiny luster
- Conduct heat and electricity
- Malleable, ductile
- Solid at room temp except Mg
- Tend to have low ionization energies, form ions easily
- Basicity |
Nonmetals | - Vary greatly in appearance
- Poor conductors of heat and electricity
- Tend to gain electrons when they react with metals
- Mostly acidic |
Metalloids | - Properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals
- Semi-conductors
- Silicon looks like metal, but it is brittle, for ex. |
Electron Spin | Can have the value of 1/2 or -1/2 represented by an up arrow or a down arrow respectively |