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Chem Definitions
Definitions of vocabulary in CHEM 105
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reproducibility | Ability to be produced again |
| Atomic Theory | Detailed idea of how something works |
| Ion | Charged atom or molecule |
| Cation | Positive ion |
| Anion | Negative ion |
| Precision | Degree to which a measurement can be repeated to give the same result |
| Accuracy | How close the measurement is to the true value |
| Most of atom's volume | Electron cloud |
| Most of atom's mass | Nucleus |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons |
| Isotope | Same element, different number of neutrons |
| Mass number - Atomic Number | Number of neutrons |
| Atomic Weight | Average mass of all the isotopes in nature (Carbon = 12.011 g) |
| Periodic Table | The icon of chemistry |
| Cathode Ray Tube Experiment led to the . . . | Discovery of the electron |
| Horizontal Rows of the Periodic Table | Periods |
| Vertical Columns of the Periodic Table | Groups |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | Varies throughout the sample |
| Homogeneous Mixture | Uniform throughout the sample |
| Physical Properties | Observed without changing composition of substance. Color, odor, density, melting/boiling point |
| Chemical Properties | Describe the way a substance may change or react to form other substances. Ex: flammability (burn in presence of oxygen) |
| Intensive Properties | Do not depend on sample size. Temperature, density |
| Extensive Properties | Depend on sample size. Mass, volume |
| Longest/Highest wavelength | Lowest frequency and energy |
| Amplitude | Height of a wave |
| Wavelength | Distance between adjacent peaks |
| Limitations of the Bohr Model | - Cannot explain spectra of other atoms - Makes assumptions about the electron |
| Continuous Spectrum | Rainbow of colors with light of all wavelengths |
| Line Spectrum | A spectrum containing radiation of only a specific wavelength |
| Uncertainty Principle | Inherently impossible for us to know both the electron's exact momentum and location simultaneously |
| Wave-Particle Duality | Light and other things can exhibit characteristics of both particles and waves |
| Schrodinger Equations | - Only certain "wavefunction" would work - Wavefunction = solutions = orbitals - Orbitals are not orbits - Treated electron as a standing wave around the nucleus |
| n | Principle quantum number |
| l | Angular momentum quantum number. Tells the number of angular nodes. |
| m(l) | Magnetic quantum number. Tells the orientation |
| n - 1 | Total number of nodes |
| n - l - 1 | Number of radial nodes |
| S-type Orbitals | Spherical. 1 orientation, 2 electrons |
| P-type Orbitals | Dumbbell-shaped. 3 orientations, 6 electrons |
| D-type Orbitals | Teardrop shaped. 5 orientations, 10 electrons |
| F-type Orbitals | 7 orientations, 14 electrons |
| Pauli Exclusion Principle | - No two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers (n, l, m(l), m(s)) |
| Electron Configuration | The way in which the electrons are distributed among the various orbitals |
| Effective Nuclear Charge | The net positive charge experienced by an electron in a many-electron atom; this charge is not the full nuclear charge because there is some shielding of the nucleus by the other electrons in the atom. |
| Valance Electrons | Electrons with the in the highest principle quantum number |
| Core Electrons | Any electrons that are not valance electrons |
| Ionization Energy | The minimum energy required to remove an electron from the atom |
| Electron Affinity | The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a gaseous atom or ion. The attraction of the atom for the electron. Opposite of ionization energy |
| Metals | - Exhibit shiny luster - Conduct heat and electricity - Malleable, ductile - Solid at room temp except Mg - Tend to have low ionization energies, form ions easily - Basicity |
| Nonmetals | - Vary greatly in appearance - Poor conductors of heat and electricity - Tend to gain electrons when they react with metals - Mostly acidic |
| Metalloids | - Properties intermediate between metals and nonmetals - Semi-conductors - Silicon looks like metal, but it is brittle, for ex. |
| Electron Spin | Can have the value of 1/2 or -1/2 represented by an up arrow or a down arrow respectively |
Created by:
jaredririe
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