Question | Answer |
Hematopoiesis | Blood Cell formation |
RBC | Red blood cell |
WBC | White blood cell |
Collagen | a protein that provides a soft framework |
Calcium Phosphate | a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework |
Cranium | Brain |
Vertebrae | Spinal Cord |
Calcium is needed for | Heartbeat, muscle contraction, blood clotting |
If blood calcium decreases | Calcium is released from bones |
If blood calcium increases | Excess calcium is stored in the bones |
Red Bone Marrow | produces blood cells |
With age, red bone marrow is | largely replaced with yellow marrow |
Bones have their own system of | blood vessels and nerves |
Adipose tissue | fat tissue |
Bones need calcium and phosphorous | to become hard and strong |
If the body suffers large amounts of blood loss | it can covert yellow marrow into red marrow to make more blood cells |
Compact Bone | hard, dense layer; makes up outer layer of most bones and the main shaft of long bones |
Spongy Bone | lighter and less dense than compact bone; consists of small plates of bones |
4 types of bones | Long, short, flat, irregular |
Long bones are | longer than they are wider |
Short bones are | cubed shape |
Flat bones are | thin, flattened, and often curved |
Irregular bones are | primarily spongy |
Diaphysis | main shaft like portion of a long bone |
Epiphysis | located at the end of a long bone |
Diaphysis consists of | compact bone |
Epiphysis consists of | spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone |
Epiphyseal Line | separates the epiphysis and diaphysis |
Epiphyseal Line | allows bones to grow lengthwise |
Medullary Cavity | Space inside the shaft of a long bone |
Medullary Cavity | in adults contains yellow bone marrow |
Articular Cartilage | covers the ends of long bones and joint surfaces |
Articular Cartilage | provides smooth surfaces for movements in the joint |
Periosteum | Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the long bone |
Periosteum is needed | for growth and repair |
Periosteum is supplied | with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, and osteoblasts |
Periosteum | is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons |
Ossificiation | process of bone formation |
Ossification begins | before birth |
Osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
Osteoclasts | digests bone tissue |
Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
Bone markings | specific features of bones |
Sulcus | groove or depression in a bone |
Concave areas | help form joints and serve as points of attachment for muscle |
Sinus | opening or hollow space in a bone |
Fossa | hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone |
Axial Skeleton | Bones revolved around the vertical axis of the skeleton |
Axial Skeleton | provides support and protection for the brain, spinal cord, and the organs of the ventral body cavity |
Axial Skeleton | is a surface for the attachment for the muscles of the head and neck and directs respiratory movements |
The axial skeleton | consists of 80 bones |
Cranium | also known as the Skull |
The cranium | encloses and protects the brain |
The skull consists of | 22 bones |
Cranial bones | 8 bones |
Facial Bones | 14 bones |
Cranial bones are | attachment site for muscles of the head and neck |
Facial bones | provide cavities for the sense organs |
Facial bones | protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts |
Maxilla | upper jaw bone |
Mandible | lower jaw bone |
The mandible | is the only moveable facial bone |
Hyoid bone | moveable base for the tongue |
The hyoid bone | connected to the muscles of the jaw, larynx, and tongue |
Auditory Ossicles | consist of 2 malleus bones, 2 incus bones, and 2 stapes bones |
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear | transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid filled cochlea |
Human skeleton consists of | 206 bones |
Functions of the skeleton system | support, protection, movement, reservoir for storing minerals |
Vertebral column | consists of 26 vertebrae |
Intervertebral Disc | cushion of cartilage that lies between each vertebra so they can glide over each other; makes movement smooth and painless |
Cervical Vertebrae | vertebrae of the neck |
Thoracic Vertebrae | vertebrae of the chest |
Lumbar Vertebrae | vertebrae of the lower back |
C1 | Atlas |
C2 | Axis |
T1-T12 | thoracic vertebrae |
C1-C7 | cervical vertebrae |
L1-L5 | lumbar vertebrae |
Sacrum | singular, triangular-shaped bone; composed of 5 individual fused sacral bones |
Coccyx | tailbone; composed of 4 individual fused coccygeal bones |
Appendicular Skeleton | consists of 126 bones |
Upper Extremities consist of | 64 bones |
Lower Extremities consist of | 62 bones |
Appendicular Skeleton | forms during the embryonic process of bone formation |
Thoracic Cage | skeleton of the chest |
The Thoracic Cage | encloses and protects the heart and lungs; provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper limbs |
Thoracic Cage | serves as an attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the back, chest, neck, and shoulders |
True Ribs | Pairs 1-7 upper ribs |
False Ribs | Pairs 8-10, lower ribs |
Floating Ribs | Pairs 11-12 |
Ribs 1-7 | attach to the sternum in the front and the vertebrae in the back |
Ribs 8-10 | attach to the vertebrae in the back but attach to cartilage of the 7th rib in the front |
Ribs 11-12 | attach to vertebrae in the back and completely free of attachment in front |
Ilium | Upper Hip bones |
Clavicle | collarbone |
Scapula | shoulder blade |
Humerus | Upper Arm bone |
Radius | Smaller lower arm bone; thumb side |
Ulna | Larger arm bone; pinky side |
Carpals | wrist bones |
Metacarpals | Bones of the hand |
Phalanges | Finger bones; 3 bones each finger; 2 bones in each thumb |
Iliac Crest | Upper curved-edge of Ilium |
Ischium | Lower hip bones; strongest of the pelvic bones |
Symphysis Pubis | Cartilaginous joint at connection of the two pubic bones |
Acetabulum | Formed by segments of the ilium, ischium, and pubis; connecting point for the femur and the hip |
Femur | thigh bone |
Femur | longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body |
Patella | Kneecap |
Tibia | Inner lower, larger leg bone; shin bone |
Fibula | Calf bone. smaller lower leg bone |
Tarsals | Ankle bones |
Calcaneus | Heel Bone |
Talus | Foot Bone |
Metatarsals | Connected to phalanges of the foot |
Phalanges | Bones of the toes; 3 bones in each toe, except big toe- only 2 bones |
-luxation | displacement, dislocation |
ortho- | straight |
Zygomatic | Cheek bone |
Sternum | Breastbone |
Closed fracture | Break in the bone but no open wound in skin |
Simple fracture is known as | Closed fracture |
Open Fracture | Break in the bone as well as an open wound in the skin |
Compound Fracture is known as | Open Fracture |
Complete Fracture | Break extends through the entire thickness of the bone |
Incomplete Fracture | One side of bone is broken and one side of bone is bent; not broken |
Greenstick Fracture is also known as | Incomplete Fracture |
Kyphosis | Outward curvature of spine |
Lordosis | Inward curvature of spine |
Scoliosis | Sideward curvature of spine |
Compression Fracture | Bone surfaces being forced against each other |
Impacted Fracture | Direct force causes bone to break and forces broken end of smaller bone into broken end of larger bone |
Comminuted Fracture | When the break causes the bone to splinter |
Colles Fracture | Break occurs at lower end of the radius |
Hairline Fracture | Minor fracture in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment; aka Stress Fracture |
Pathological Fracture | Bone is weakened by a preexisting disease; break in response to a force that would not cause a normal bone to break |
Closed Reduction | Procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without surgery |
Open Reduction | Procedure where the fracture is exposed surgically |