| Question | Answer |
| Hematopoiesis | Blood Cell formation |
| RBC | Red blood cell |
| WBC | White blood cell |
| Collagen | a protein that provides a soft framework |
| Calcium Phosphate | a mineral that adds strength and hardens the framework |
| Cranium | Brain |
| Vertebrae | Spinal Cord |
| Calcium is needed for | Heartbeat, muscle contraction, blood clotting |
| If blood calcium decreases | Calcium is released from bones |
| If blood calcium increases | Excess calcium is stored in the bones |
| Red Bone Marrow | produces blood cells |
| With age, red bone marrow is | largely replaced with yellow marrow |
| Bones have their own system of | blood vessels and nerves |
| Adipose tissue | fat tissue |
| Bones need calcium and phosphorous | to become hard and strong |
| If the body suffers large amounts of blood loss | it can covert yellow marrow into red marrow to make more blood cells |
| Compact Bone | hard, dense layer; makes up outer layer of most bones and the main shaft of long bones |
| Spongy Bone | lighter and less dense than compact bone; consists of small plates of bones |
| 4 types of bones | Long, short, flat, irregular |
| Long bones are | longer than they are wider |
| Short bones are | cubed shape |
| Flat bones are | thin, flattened, and often curved |
| Irregular bones are | primarily spongy |
| Diaphysis | main shaft like portion of a long bone |
| Epiphysis | located at the end of a long bone |
| Diaphysis consists of | compact bone |
| Epiphysis consists of | spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone |
| Epiphyseal Line | separates the epiphysis and diaphysis |
| Epiphyseal Line | allows bones to grow lengthwise |
| Medullary Cavity | Space inside the shaft of a long bone |
| Medullary Cavity | in adults contains yellow bone marrow |
| Articular Cartilage | covers the ends of long bones and joint surfaces |
| Articular Cartilage | provides smooth surfaces for movements in the joint |
| Periosteum | Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the long bone |
| Periosteum is needed | for growth and repair |
| Periosteum is supplied | with nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, and osteoblasts |
| Periosteum | is the attachment point for ligaments and tendons |
| Ossificiation | process of bone formation |
| Ossification begins | before birth |
| Osteoblasts | bone forming cells |
| Osteoclasts | digests bone tissue |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| Bone markings | specific features of bones |
| Sulcus | groove or depression in a bone |
| Concave areas | help form joints and serve as points of attachment for muscle |
| Sinus | opening or hollow space in a bone |
| Fossa | hollow or shallow concave depression in a bone |
| Axial Skeleton | Bones revolved around the vertical axis of the skeleton |
| Axial Skeleton | provides support and protection for the brain, spinal cord, and the organs of the ventral body cavity |
| Axial Skeleton | is a surface for the attachment for the muscles of the head and neck and directs respiratory movements |
| The axial skeleton | consists of 80 bones |
| Cranium | also known as the Skull |
| The cranium | encloses and protects the brain |
| The skull consists of | 22 bones |
| Cranial bones | 8 bones |
| Facial Bones | 14 bones |
| Cranial bones are | attachment site for muscles of the head and neck |
| Facial bones | provide cavities for the sense organs |
| Facial bones | protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts |
| Maxilla | upper jaw bone |
| Mandible | lower jaw bone |
| The mandible | is the only moveable facial bone |
| Hyoid bone | moveable base for the tongue |
| The hyoid bone | connected to the muscles of the jaw, larynx, and tongue |
| Auditory Ossicles | consist of 2 malleus bones, 2 incus bones, and 2 stapes bones |
| The auditory ossicles of the middle ear | transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid filled cochlea |
| Human skeleton consists of | 206 bones |
| Functions of the skeleton system | support, protection, movement, reservoir for storing minerals |
| Vertebral column | consists of 26 vertebrae |
| Intervertebral Disc | cushion of cartilage that lies between each vertebra so they can glide over each other; makes movement smooth and painless |
| Cervical Vertebrae | vertebrae of the neck |
| Thoracic Vertebrae | vertebrae of the chest |
| Lumbar Vertebrae | vertebrae of the lower back |
| C1 | Atlas |
| C2 | Axis |
| T1-T12 | thoracic vertebrae |
| C1-C7 | cervical vertebrae |
| L1-L5 | lumbar vertebrae |
| Sacrum | singular, triangular-shaped bone; composed of 5 individual fused sacral bones |
| Coccyx | tailbone; composed of 4 individual fused coccygeal bones |
| Appendicular Skeleton | consists of 126 bones |
| Upper Extremities consist of | 64 bones |
| Lower Extremities consist of | 62 bones |
| Appendicular Skeleton | forms during the embryonic process of bone formation |
| Thoracic Cage | skeleton of the chest |
| The Thoracic Cage | encloses and protects the heart and lungs; provides support for the shoulder girdles and upper limbs |
| Thoracic Cage | serves as an attachment point for the diaphragm, muscles of the back, chest, neck, and shoulders |
| True Ribs | Pairs 1-7 upper ribs |
| False Ribs | Pairs 8-10, lower ribs |
| Floating Ribs | Pairs 11-12 |
| Ribs 1-7 | attach to the sternum in the front and the vertebrae in the back |
| Ribs 8-10 | attach to the vertebrae in the back but attach to cartilage of the 7th rib in the front |
| Ribs 11-12 | attach to vertebrae in the back and completely free of attachment in front |
| Ilium | Upper Hip bones |
| Clavicle | collarbone |
| Scapula | shoulder blade |
| Humerus | Upper Arm bone |
| Radius | Smaller lower arm bone; thumb side |
| Ulna | Larger arm bone; pinky side |
| Carpals | wrist bones |
| Metacarpals | Bones of the hand |
| Phalanges | Finger bones; 3 bones each finger; 2 bones in each thumb |
| Iliac Crest | Upper curved-edge of Ilium |
| Ischium | Lower hip bones; strongest of the pelvic bones |
| Symphysis Pubis | Cartilaginous joint at connection of the two pubic bones |
| Acetabulum | Formed by segments of the ilium, ischium, and pubis; connecting point for the femur and the hip |
| Femur | thigh bone |
| Femur | longest, strongest, heaviest bone in the body |
| Patella | Kneecap |
| Tibia | Inner lower, larger leg bone; shin bone |
| Fibula | Calf bone. smaller lower leg bone |
| Tarsals | Ankle bones |
| Calcaneus | Heel Bone |
| Talus | Foot Bone |
| Metatarsals | Connected to phalanges of the foot |
| Phalanges | Bones of the toes; 3 bones in each toe, except big toe- only 2 bones |
| -luxation | displacement, dislocation |
| ortho- | straight |
| Zygomatic | Cheek bone |
| Sternum | Breastbone |
| Closed fracture | Break in the bone but no open wound in skin |
| Simple fracture is known as | Closed fracture |
| Open Fracture | Break in the bone as well as an open wound in the skin |
| Compound Fracture is known as | Open Fracture |
| Complete Fracture | Break extends through the entire thickness of the bone |
| Incomplete Fracture | One side of bone is broken and one side of bone is bent; not broken |
| Greenstick Fracture is also known as | Incomplete Fracture |
| Kyphosis | Outward curvature of spine |
| Lordosis | Inward curvature of spine |
| Scoliosis | Sideward curvature of spine |
| Compression Fracture | Bone surfaces being forced against each other |
| Impacted Fracture | Direct force causes bone to break and forces broken end of smaller bone into broken end of larger bone |
| Comminuted Fracture | When the break causes the bone to splinter |
| Colles Fracture | Break occurs at lower end of the radius |
| Hairline Fracture | Minor fracture in which the bone continues to be in perfect alignment; aka Stress Fracture |
| Pathological Fracture | Bone is weakened by a preexisting disease; break in response to a force that would not cause a normal bone to break |
| Closed Reduction | Procedure to set (reduce) a broken bone without surgery |
| Open Reduction | Procedure where the fracture is exposed surgically |
