Question | Answer |
Chemistry | The scientific study of the structure, composition, and properties of matter |
Matter | Stuff |
Mass | A measure of the amount of matter in an object |
Scientific Method | A series of steps followed to solve problems |
Independent Variable | What you change in an experiment |
Dependent Variable | What you measure in an experiment |
Control | Will not get changed; for comparison |
Sig. Digs. | All the digits you are certain of and the first one you approximate |
Density | The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance (D=M/V) |
Accuracy | How close you are to the accepted value (hit the mark) |
Precision | Agreement between measurements made in the same way (about the same way every time) |
Percent Error | A value that's calculated by solving: (exp. value - acpt. value/acpt. value)100 |
Substance | A sample of matter that has definite chemical and physical properties |
Element | A substance that can't be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
Compound | Element + element = compound |
Solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances |
Heterogeneous | Not the same throughout |
Homogeneous | Same throughout |
Extensive Property | A property that depends on the extent or size of a system |
Intensive Property | A property that doesn't depend on the amount of matter present |
Chemical Property | How one thing reacts in the presence of something else |
Physical Property | Depends on that thing |
Chemical Change | New material, change in one or more physical properties |
Physical Change | No new material, changed in one or more physical properties |
Law of Conservation of Mass | Mass can't be created or destroyed; can go from one form to another |
Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy can't be created or destroyed; can go from one form to the other |
Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy | The sum of all mass and energy is constant (in nuclear experiments) |
Period/Series | Elements with the same size; rows on the periodic table |
Family/Group | Similar properties, reactions, charge; columns on the periodic table |
Metal | Good conductors of heat and electricity, left of staircase, grey solids at room temperature |
Nonmetal | Insulators, most are gases, right of staircase |
Metalloid | Border staircase, not Al; properties of (non)metals |
Transition Metals | B columns, +2 charge most of the time, Ag +1, Zn +2 |
Alkali Metals | H's column, very reactive, 1A, reactivity goes up as you go down, +1 charge |
Alkaline Earth Metals | 2A, very reactive, +2 charge |
Pnicogens | 5A, most charges +5 or -3, but can be anywhere inbetween |
Chalcogen | 6A, -2 charge |
Halogens | 7A, most reactive non-metals, -1 charge |
Noble Gases | 8A, 0 charge, stable |
Rare Earth Elements | +2, +3 charge, metals |
Cation | Positively charged ion |
Anion | Negatively charged ion |
Alloy | A mixture of two elements, one of them being a metal |
Ionic Bond | A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges |
Oxidation Number | The charge of a certain element |
Binary Compound | A compound composed of two different elements |
Ionic Compound | Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals |
Covalent Compound | Nonmetals share electrons |
Formula Unit | An ionic compound in it's simplest and most reduced terms |
Molecule | A group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces |
Oxidation Number | The charge of a certain element |
Polyatomic Ion | An ion made of two or more atoms |
Reactant | A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
Product | A substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
Synthesis | A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound |
Decomposition | Comp. -> elem./comp. + elem./comp. |
Single Displacement | Element + compound = new element + new compound; use activity series |
Double Displacement | Comp. 1+comp. 2= comp. 3+comp. 4 |
Combustion | 02 is a reactant, releases heat, CO2 and H2O are products if organic is a reactant |
Activity Series | A series of elements that have similar properties |
Precipitate | A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in a solution |
Mole | The standard unit for amount |
Redox | A chemical change in which one species is oxidized and another is reduced; combination of reduction and oxidation |
Reducing Agent | Causes something to get reduced |
Oxidizing Agent | Causes something to get oxidized |
Oxidation | A chemical change in which electrons are lost; charge goes up |
Reduction | A chemical change in which electrons are gained; charge goes down |
Spectator Ions | Ions that cancel out and don't take place within the reaction |
Molecular Equation | A balanced chemical equation where the compounds haven't been broken down yet |
Complete Ionic Equation | A chemical equation for a reaction which the solubility rules have been applied |
Net Ionic Equation | An equation that includes only those compounds reacting; eliminate spectator ions |
Acid | Ionizes in H2O and forms H+ ions, low in pH (<7) |
Base | High in pH (>7) |
Strong Acid | An acid that ionizes completely in a solvent |
Strong Base | A base that breaks apart completely in a solution |
Weak Acid | An acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution |
Weak Base | A base that does not ionize fully in an aqueous solution |
Polyprotic Acid | 2 or more H's |
Stoichiometry | The relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound |
Solute | The substance that dissolves in the solvent |
Solvent | The substance in which the solute dissolves |
Avogadro's Number | 6.02x10^23, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol |
Formula Mass | The sum of the masses of all elements in a compound; measured in amu's |
Molar Mass | The mass in grams of one mol of a substance |
Average Atomic Mass | The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
Empirical Formula | A chemical formula that shows the composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio |
Molecular Formula | A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms |
Structural Formula | A formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule and that indicates the number and location of chemical bonds |