| Term | Picture |
| Alkane | - Hydrocarbon Family
- C-C and C- H bonds only
- Saturated
- aliphatic compound
- CnH2n+2
- non-polar |
| Alkene | - Hydrocarbon Family
- C=C
- unsaturated
- olefin
- CnH2n (same as cycloalkanes)
- non-polar |
| Alkyne | - Hydrocarbon Family
- C triple bond C
- unsaturated
- CnH2n-2 (same as cycloalkenes)
- non-polar |
| Arene | - Hydrocarbon Family
- C6H6
- unsaturated
- benzene
- non-polar |
| Haloalkane or Alkyl
Halide | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-X (Carbon-halogen; alkyl/cycloalkyl - halogen)
- polar |
| Alcohol | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-OH
- polar |
| Ether | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-O-R' or R-O-R |
| Amine | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-N |
| Nitrile | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-C triple bond N (R-CN)
- polar |
| Nitro | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-NO2
- polar |
| Sulfide | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-S-R' or R-S-R |
| Sulfoxide | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- O=S-R
R |
| Sulfone | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
R
- O=S=O
R |
| Thiol | - Heteroatom-Substituted Hydrocarbon Family
- R-S-H |
| Aldehyde | Carbonyl Family
R-C(=O)-H |
| Ketone | - Carbonyl Family
- O
II
R - C - R' |
| Carboxylic Acid | - Carbonyl Family
- O
II
R - C - OH
- polar
- weak acid |
| Acid Halide | - Carbonyl Family
- O
II
R-C- X |
| Anhydride | - Carbonyl Family
- O O
II II
R-C-O-C-R' |
| Ester | - Carbonyl Family
- O
II
R-C-OR'
- polar |
| Lactone | - Carbonyl Family
- cyclic esters |
| Amide | - Carbonyl Family------O---------------------------
- R-C-NH2 |
| Lactame | - Carbonyl Family
- cyclic amides |
