Term | Definition |
Chemistry | science that deals with materials of the universe and their changes |
Stoichiometry | the process of using balanced chemical equations to determine the relative masses of the reactants and products involved |
Mole Ratio | the ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation |
Limiting Reactant | the substance that is completely used up when a reaction is completed |
Excess Reactant | the substance that is left over when a reaction is completed |
Theoretical Yield | the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up |
Actual Yield | the actual amount of a given product that is formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up |
Percent (%) Yield | the actual yield / the theoretical yield |
Wavelength | distance between wave crests |
Frequency | number of waves passing per second |
Velocity | all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed |
Electron Orbital | region of space around a nucleus of an atom within which there is a 90% probability of finding an atom |
Orbital | specific region of space inside a sublevel |
Core Electrons | electrons in the inner energy levels |
Valence Electrons | electrons in the outermost sublevel |
Ionization Energy | the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion |
Bond | force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit |
Bond Energy | the energy required to break a given chemical bond |
Ionic Bonding | the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
Ionic Compound | a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions |
Non-Polar Covalent Bonding | a type of bonding in which the atoms share electrons |
Polar Covalent Bonding | a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atoms attracts the shared electrons more |
Electronegativity | the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attracts shared electrons to itself |
Dipole Moment | a property of a molecule in which the charge of a distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge |
Solution | homogeneous mixture that doesn't settle |
Alloy | solid mixed with another solid |
Solvent | component of a solution present in the largest amount |
Solute | component of a solution present in the lesser amount |
Ionic | separates into ions in solution |
Polar | creates hydrogen bonds with other molecules and ions |
Non-Polar | no molecular interaction between molecules |
Dilute | relatively small amount of solute in mixture |
Concentrated | relatively large amount of solute in mixture |
Unsaturated | less than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
Saturated | maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
Supersaturated | more than the maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
Solubility | maximum number of grams of solute per 100 g or 100 mL of water at a given temperature |
Molarity | concentration of solution involving moles |
Acid (Arrhenius Model) | substance that produces H+ ions in solution |
Base (Arrhenius Model) | substance that produces OH- ions in solution |
Acid (Bronsted-Lowry Model) | proton donor |
Base (Bronsted-Lowry Model) | proton acceptor |
Conjugate Acid | substance formed when a proton is added to a base |
Conjugate Base | substance formed when a proton is lost from an acid |
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair | two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a proton |
Amphoteric | a substance that can act as both an acid and a base |
Indicator | a chemical that changes color depending on the pH of the solution in which they are placed |
Titration | technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
Standard Solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
Buret | device used to accurately measure the delivery of a given volume of liquid or solution |
Equivalence Point | the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution |
Buffered Solution | a solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or base is added |