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Atom | The smallest part of an element that can still be recognised as an element. |
Atomic Number | The number of protons (which equals the number of electrons) in an atom. It is sometimes called the proton number. |
Compound | A substance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together. For example water, H2O, is a compound made from hydrogen and oxygen. |
Covalent Bond | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more, pairs of electrons. |
Covalent Bonding | The attraction between two atoms that share one, or more, pairs of electrons. |
Delocalised Electron | Bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom. |
Dot and Cross Diagram | A drawing to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons only of the atoms or ions in a substance. |
Double Bond | A covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electrons. |
Electron | A tiny particle with a negative charge. Electrons orbit the nucleus in atoms or ions. |
Electronic Structure | A set of numbers to show the arrangement of electrons in their shells or energy levels. E.g. the electronic structure of a potassium atom is 2,8,8,1. |
Element | A substance made up of only one type of atom. An element can not be broken down chemically into any simpler substance. |
Energy Level (or Shell) | An area in an atom, around its nucleus, where the electrons are found. |
Shell (or Energy Level) | An area in an atom, around its nucleus, where the electrons are found. |
Gas | A state of matter. |
Inert | Unreactive. |
Ion | A charged particle formed by the loss or gain of electrons. |
Ionic Bond | The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. |
Ionic Bonding | The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. |
Liquid | A state of matter. |
Mass Number | The number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. |
Mixture | When some elements or compounds are mixed together and intermingle but do not react together. (i.e. no new substance is made). A mixture is not a pure substance. |
Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together, e.g. PCl3. |
Neutron | A dense particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral, carrying no charge. |
Nucleus ( of an atom) | The very small and dense central part of an atom which contains protons and neutrons. |
Product | A substance made as a result of a chemical reaction. |
Proton | A tiny positive particle found in the nucleus of an atom. |
Reactant | A substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place. |
Solid | A state of matter. |
State Symbol | The abbreviations used in balanced symbol equations to show to show if reactants or products are solids (s), liquids (l), gases (g) or dissolved in water (aq) |
Symbol Equation | A balanced chemical equation showing the formula of each reactant and product in the reaction. E.g. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl |
Calcium carbonate which rock does it make up? What is it’s formula? | The main compound found in limestone. It is a white solid whose chemical formula is CaCO3. |
Calcium hydroxide-How is it made? What is it used for? | A white solid made by reacting calcium oxide with water. It is used as a cheap alkali in industry. |
Calcium oxide-How is it made?What is it’s chemical fomula? | A white solid made by heating limestone strongly e.g. in a lime kiln.Chemical formula is CaO |
What is cement? | A building material made by heating limestone and clay. |
What is concrete? | A building material made by mixing cement, sand and aggregate (crushed rock) with water. |
What is the test for carbon dioxide gas? | Add limewater and it turns milky/cloudy/white. |
What is limewater? | The common name for calcium hydroxide solution- used as a test for carbon dioxide gas. |
What is mortar and how is it made? | A building material used to bind bricks together. It is made by mixing cement and sand with water. |
What is thermal decomposition? | The breakdown of a compound by heat. |
The process by which limestone is turned in to calcium oxide is called……? | Thermal decomposition. |
What is an alloy? | A mixture of metals (and sometimes non-metals) e.g. Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc. |
What is brass? | An alloy of copper and zinc. |
Describe the properties of aluminium and what it is use for. | A low density, corrosion resistant metal use in many alloys, including those used in the aircraft industry. |
What is bioleaching? | The process of extracting metals from low grade ores using micro-organisms. |
What is a blast furnace used for? | The blast furnace is the huge reaction vessel used in industry to remove iron from it’s ore. |
What is carbon steel? | Alloy of iron containing small, controlled amounts, of carbon. |
What is cast iron? | The impure iron taken directly from the blast furnace. |
What is a copper rich ore? | A rock that contains a high proportion of a copper compound. |
What is a high-alloy steel? | An expensive alloy of iron mixed with relatively high proportions of other metals e.g. stainless steel which contains nickel and chromium along with the iron. |
What is a low-alloy steel? | An alloy of iron containing small amounts (1-5%) of other metals. |
What is an ore? | A rock which contains enough metal to make it economically viable to extract the metal. |
What is oxidation? | A reaction when oxygen is added to a substance (or electrons are lost) |
What is phytomining? | The process of extracting metals from low grade ores using plants. |
What is the reactivity series? | A list of elements in order of their reactivity. The most reactive element is put at the top of the list. |
What is the process by which one element takes the place of another, less reactive element? | Displacment/Displace. |
What is meant by “displace”? | When one element takes the place of another in a compound. For example iron + copper sulphate = iron sulphate + copper. |
What is reduction? | A reaction in which oxygen is removed (or electrons gained). |
What is a shape metal alloy? | A mixture of metals which responds to changes in temperature? |
What is smelting? | Heating a metal ore in order to extract its metal. |
What is stainless steel? | A chromium/ nickel alloy of iron which does not rust. |
What is steel? | An alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon or other metals, such as nickel or chromium, added. |
What is titanium? | A shiny, corrosion resistant, metal used to make alloys. |
Alkane | Saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH(2n+2) . E.g. methane, ethane and propane. |
Alkene | Unsaturated hydrocarbon which contains a C-C double bond. Its general formula is CnH2n. e.g. ethane, C2H4. |
Biodiesel | Fuel made from animal or plant products. |
Biofuel | Fuel made from animal or plant products. |
Cracking | The process used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones. This occurs when the hydrocarbon vapour is either is passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a high temperature. |
Distillation | Separation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation then condensation. |
Ethene | An alkene with the formula C2H4. |
Fermentation | The reaction in which enzymes in yeast turn sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. |
Fraction | Hydrocarbons with similar boiling points separated from crude oil. |
Fractional Distillation | A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing and collecting the liquids. |
Global Dimming | The reflection of sunlight by tiny solid particles in the air. |
Global Warming | The increasing of the average temperature of the Earth. |
Hydration | A reaction in which water (H2O) is chemically added to a compound. |
Hydrocarbon | A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon. |
Monomers | Small reactive molecules that react together in repeating sequences to form a very large molecule ( a polymer). |
Polymer | A substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units. (e.g. poly(ethane). |
Polymerisation | The reaction of monomers to make a polymer. |
Propene | An alkene with the formula C3H6. |
Saturated Hydrocarbon | Describes a hydrocarbon that contains as many hydrogens as possible in each molecule. |
Smart Polymer | Polymers that change in response to changes in their environment. |
Thermosetting Polymer | Polymer that can form extensive cross-linking between chains, resulting in rigid materials which are heat resistant. |
Thermosoftening Polymers | Polymer that forms plastics which can be softened by heat, then remoulded into different shapes as they cool down and set. |
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. |
E-number | Number assigned to a food additive that has been approved for use in Europe. It is displayed on food packaging. |
Emulsifier | A substance which helps keep immiscible liquids (e.g. oil and water) mixed so that they do not separate out into layers. |
Emulsion | A mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other. |
Food Additive | A substance added to a food in order to preserve it or to improve its taste, texture or appearance. |
Hydrogenated Oil | Oil which has had hydrogen added to it to reduce its degree of saturation in the hardening process to make margarine. |
Hydrophilic | The water loving part of an emulsifier molecule. |
Hydrophobic | The water-hating hydrocarbon part of an emulsifier molecule. |
Unsaturated Oil | Plant oil whose molecules contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond. |
Vegetable Oil | Oil extracted from plants. |
Atmosphere | The relatively thin layer of gases that surround planet Earth. |
Convection Currents | The circular motion of matter caused by heating in fluids. |
Core | The centre of the Earth. |
Crust | The outer solid layer of the Earth. |
Mantle | The layer of the Earth between its crust and its core. |
Tectonic Plates | The huge slabs of rock that make up the Earth’s crust and top part of its mantle. |
Wind | Moving Air. |