Term | Definition |
extrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
learning probe | method, such as questioning, that helps teachers find out whether students understand a lesson |
learning objectives | specific behaviors students are expected to exhibit at the end of of a series of lessons |
intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
initial letter strategies | Strategies for learning in which initial letters of items to be memorized are made into a more easily remembered word or phrase. |
intrinsic reinforcers | behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for his or her own sake, without any other reward |
independent practice | component of instruction in which students work by themselves to demonstrate and rehearse new knowledge |
gender bias | stereotypical views and differential treatment of males and females, often favoring one gender over the other |
metacognition | knowledge about one's own learning or about how to learn (thinking about thinking) |
mnemonics | devices or strategies for aiding the memory |
multicultural education | education that teaches the value of cultural diversity |
delinquent | low achievers who have given little reason to believe they can succeed by following the path laid out for them by the school. |
bio-ecological model | Bronfenbrenner's model of development that emphasizes the roles of both nature and nurture as the developing person interacts with a series of environmental systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem) |
maslow's needs theory | Physiological survival, Safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization |
cognitive developmental stages | Age-related changes that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking, and remembering. (piaget) |
Erikson's 8 stages of pyschosocial developement | trust vs. mistrust , autonomy vs doubt to 3yrs, initiative vs guilt 3-6 yrs, industry vs inferiority 6-12 yrs, identity vs role confusion 12-18yrs, intimacy vs isolation young adult, generativity vs stagnation (middle adult), integrity vs despair late |
problem solving | application of knowledge and skills to achieve certain goals |
Microsystem consists of... | the child |
Mesosystem consists of... | school, family, peers, neighborhood park, ect |
Exosystem consists of ... | extended family, friends, neighbors, mass media |
Macrosystem consists of... | broad ideology, laws, and customs of one's culture, subculture, or social class |
sensorymotor stage | Piaget's first stage. Occurs from birth to age 2. Formation of Object Permanence |
preoperational stage | Piaget's second stage. Occurs from age 2-7. Children learn to represent things in the mind. Think Egocentrically. |
concrete operational stage | Piaget's third stage. Occurs ages 7-11. Kids develop capacity for logical reasoning and understand conservation, but can only use in familiar situations. |
formal operational stage | the fourth and last of Piaget's stages. Occurs after age 11. A person can deal abstractly with hypothetical situations and reason logically. |