| Question | Answer |
| What is the DFA classification for flunitrazepam? | Schedule I |
| What kind of drug is flunitrazepam? | Intermediate acting benzodiazepine |
| What is the mechanism of action for flunitrazepam? | Potentiation of GABA-mediated synaptic processes in the brain |
| What is the therapeutic blood concentration of flunitrazepam? | 5-15 micrograms/L |
| Describe the elimination of flunitrazepam. | Half life is ~15 hours.
84% excreted in urine.
11% excreted in feces.
0.2% excreted unchanged. |
| What is the most abundant metabolite of flunitrazepam? | 7-aminoflunitrazepam |
| What are the effects of flunitrazepam? | Decreased blood pressure.
Impaired memory.
Drowsiness.
Visual disturbances.
Dizziness.
Confusion.
GI disturbances.
Urine retention. |
| What drugs enhance the effects of flunitrazepam? | ethanol, CNS depressants, nitrous oxide, ketamine, opioids |
| What are the side effects of GHB? | Drowsiness.
Dizziness.
Nausea.
Amnesia.
Motor control loss.
Visual disturbances.
Unconsciousness.
Bradycardia.
Seizures.
Respiratory depression.
Coma. |
| How long does it take for the effects of GHB to manifest? | 15-30 minutes |
| What is the half life of GHB? | 30 minutes |
| How long can GHB be detected in blood and urine? | Blood: 8 hours
Urine: 12 hours |
| GHB is produced in the body as a naturally occurring metabolite of GABA. What are the expected concentrations of naturally occurring GHB? | Blood: up to 2 mg/L
Urine: up to 10 mg/L |
| What postmortem concentration of GHB suggests ingestion of the drug? | Any concentration > 50 mg/L |
| What doses of ketamine are commonly seen in drug abuse? | IV: 50 mg
IN: 60-100 mg |
| What is the mechanism of action for ketamine? | Inhibits pain by cutting off brain's perception of pain without respiratory depression. This results in a state dissociated from the environment but not asleep. |
| What are the effects of ketamine? | Impaired cognitive processes.
Dizziness.
Motor incoordination.
Slurred speech.
Confusion.
Amnesia. |
| What is the half life of ketamine? | 2-3 hours |
| What are the metabolites of ketamine? | norketamine and dehydronorketamine |
| What are the four components of memory? | Very short term.
Short term.
Long term.
Retrieval. |
| What is amnesia? | Memory deficits in an individual who has a normal attention span, normal intelligence, and the ability to acquire new skills. |
| What is retrograde amnesia? | Memory loss occurs for events before the onset of brain damage. |
| What is anterograde amnesia? | Memory loss occurs for events after the onset of brain damage. |
| Which type of amnesia is typically drug-induced? | Anterograde amnesia |
