Question | Answer |
What is the primary neurological disease of the elderly? | Parkinson's disease |
Primary motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (4) | Resting tremor
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Postural instability |
Hoehn and Yahr Stages of Parkinson's | 1) Unilat involvement, min func disable
2) Bilat/midline without balance impaired
3) Bilateral, mild to moderate disability impaired postural reflex, physically ind
4) Severly disabling, can walk or stand unassisted
5) Confinement to bed or w/c |
Modified Hoehn and Yahr Stages | 0 = no sign
1 = unilat
1.5 = unilat + axial
2 = bilat without impairment of balance
2.5 = mild bilat, recovery on pull test
3 = mild - moderate bilat; postural instab; physically ind
4 = severe disable; walk or stand ind
5 = w/c or bedridden |
How do you evaluate rigidity on a Parkinsonian patient? | Test by flexing and extending patient's relaxed wrist
Assess relaxed position or wrist drawn into flex, fingers ADD, pronation |
Functional outcome measures for gait and balance in Parkinson's patients | 2 MWT
6 MWT
TUG (TGUG)
Sit-to-Stand |
Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale | 10 listed items
Rated 0-3 higher number is more severe involvement |
Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire | Consists of 4 subscales:
1) Parkinsonian symptoms
2) Systemic symptoms
3) Emotional functioning
4) Social functioning |
Schenkman's Approach to treating PD | Relaxation/Breathing exercises
Passive stretching
AROM and Posture alignment
Weight shifting
Balance responses
Gait activities
HEP |
Flewit-Hanford Exercises for PD | Designed to assist gait
1) Long sitting - flex/ext of toes, feet, and knees
2) Hooklying - rocking knees side to side
3) Supine Lying - alternate hip and knee flex/ext
4) Standing - high stepping, alternating DF, weight shifting, standing grapevine |
Alberts study on Tandem Bicycle for PD | Group forced to pedal at 80-90 RPM had 30% improvement in symptoms vs voluntary group after 8 weeks |
Music therapy has been shown to be beneficial in increasing gait speed and step length in patients with Parkinson's disease. T/F | True |
How frequent is recurrent stroke? What is the time frame? | 25% of people who recover from their first stroke will have another within 5 years |
Signs and Symptoms of Stroke | 1) Decreased level of consciousness
2) Aphasia/Dysarthria
3) Acute onset of hemiparesis/hemisensory loss
4) Monoparesis or Quadriparesis
5) Nystagmus, visual changes
6) Ataxia and vertigo |
Which type of stroke is more severe hemorrhagic or ischemic? | Hemorrhagic is the most severe |
Pushers Syndrome (what is it, whos affected, remission) | Patient pushes strongly away from unaffected side towards affected
Affects 10% of stroke patients
During remission typically disappears first in supine, then sitting, then standing |
What is affected in pusher syndrome? | Sensory feedback in relationship to posture and gravity leading to misperception of position in space |
When does recovery of tone generally happen post stroke? | First 7-14 days |
Left CVA Behaviors (5) | Frequent and severe depression
Aware of own deficits
Slow cautious behavior
Hesitant - may need feedback and support
Difficulty learning new tasks |
Left CVA Motor Programming Deficits (3) | Difficulty completing and initiating sequence of movement
Requires increased time for learning
Slower movements |
Left CVA Treatment Strategies (3) | Speak slowly to allow processing of verbal instructions
Use visual cues
Use one step commands and decrease environmental distractions |
Right CVA Behaviors (7) | Unrealistic/inappropriate positive emotions
Unaware of deficits
Tend to be impulsive
Decreased information processing
Decreased visual spacial perception
Decreased mathematical reasoning
Poor R vs L discrimination |
Right CVA Motor Programming Deficits (2) | Difficulty sustaining movement and/or posture
Tend to move too fast |
Right CVA Treatment Strategies (4) | Decrease environmental distractions
Maximize verbal cues
Keep visual cueing to a minimum
Address safety issues, encourage patient to slow down |
Tripp's Model for Evaluating Stroke Patients | 1) Motor neuron response - eval tone and spastic, abil contract and relax mm
2) Fractioned movement - abil move limb segments
3) Movement consistency - gross motor activity
4) Mental status - abil follow command
5) Funct asses - mobility and UE func |
Olney and Colbourne's Gait Assessment found 3 problems for stroke patients in last swing phase | 1) Inability to attain full hip flex during swing
2) Inability to ext the knee fully
3) Inability to activate ankle DF |
4 Principles of Carr and Shepard's Treatment Approach | 1) Analyze the task
2) Practice the missing component
3) Practice task as a whole
4) Transference of training |
What common treatment for shoulder problems should be avoided in hemiplegia? | Avoid use of overhead pulley |
Ranchos Los Amigos Treatment for LE Problems due to Stroke | AFO for DF
FES on glutes and quadriceps
Prolonged icing to inhibit tone |
What 2 things are required to treat Pushers Syndrome? | Intact cognition
Active patient participation |
4 Aspects of PT treatment for Pushers Syndrome | 1) Early resumption of upright posture and transitioning ability
2) Recalibrate perception of an upright posture
3) Utilize tactile and proprioceptive inputs
4) Emphasize stability during early standing |
Both over-ground gait training and treadmill training are needed to optimize over-ground walking in stroke patients. T/F | True. Both are needed in training sessions to optimize transfer to over-ground walking |
Explicit information is beneficial for what types of strokes? Which is it detrimental for? | Beneficial: cerebellar damage
Detrimental: MCA and Basal Ganglia |
How frequent should feedback be given for CVA patients? | Less than 50% of trials
Summary feedback after several trials is best |
In patients with CVA guidance has a positive impact on retention of learning. T/F | False. Guidance has a negative impact on retention. NDT |
Alzheimer's Disease Characterized | Deterioration of memory and other cognitive domains that leads to death within 3 to 9 years after diagnosis |
2 markers present in AD | Amyloid clumps
Tau neurofibrillary tangles
Clumps cause cell death in disease process |
What part of the brain is affected first by AD? | Nerve cells in the hippocampus |
What chromosomes are contributors in AD? | Chromosomes 1, 14, 19, 21 |
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for AD (6) | Age
Genetics
Down's Syndrome
Gene mutation
Head trauma
Exposure to metals, infections, toxins |
Modifiable Risk Factors for AD (5) | HTN
Obesity
Insulin resistance
Smoking
Inactivity |
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Early Stage | Forgetfulness, mild memory deficit
Difficulty with novel tasks
Apathy and social withdrawal |
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Middle Stage | Moderate to severe objective memory deficit
Disorientation to time and place
Language disturbance, apraxia, personality and behavioral changes |
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Late Stage | Intellectual functions untestable, verbal communication severely limited
Incapable of self-care
Incontinence of bowel and bladder |
Stages of Alzheimer's Disease - Terminal Stage | Bedridden
Mute
Unaware of the environment
Joint contracures
Myoclonus |
Neurologic signs such as hyperactive reflexes, increasing primitive tone, and primitive reflexes occur during what stage of AD? | Later stages |
What is one way to maintain environment when placing a patient with AD in a nursing home? | Use of patients own furniture in the room assists in responsiveness and connectedness with surroundings |
What factors put patients with AD at risk for falls? | Failing to remember limitations in ADLs
Judgment errors and lack of awareness
Over-estimation of capacity for safe mobility
Refusing/Forgetting use of assistive device |
What is "sundowning"? | A syndrome characterized by:
Restlessness
Excitement
Increased confusion
Hallucination
Agitation
Seen in late afternoon or early evening
Occurs in middle and late stages of AD |
AD Visual Performance Dysfunction | Restriction of visual fields - loss of peripheral vision, homonymous hemianopia
Decrease in visuospatial function, depth perception
Loss of contrast sensitivity, agnosia |
Motor incoordination during gait in AD | Alternating foot pattern is disrupted - pt. takes 2 to 3 steps with one foot without moving the other
COG is affected |
Benefit of habitual exercise for AD | May improve cognitive functioning and reduce falls that result form poor judgment |
What is the best practice for motor learning for AD? | Constant practice = i.e. practice of all transfers from the same chair
Pt.'s were unable to learn new tasks with random practice
Learning was impaired with blocked practice |