Question | Answer |
The functional group of alcohol and phenols is the __ group. | hydroxyl |
What is the general formula for alcohols? | R-OH (R represents any alkyl group) |
For phenols, the R is what kind of group? | aryl |
An aryl group is an aromatic ring with one __ missing. | hydrogen |
Ethers have 2 __ or __ groups attached to the oxygen atom. | alkyl or aryl groups |
Ethers may be thought of as substituted __. | alcohols |
Thiols contain the __ group. | Sulfhydryl group, -SH |
What is the structure of a thiol? | R-SH |
The general formula for thiols is ? | R-O-R' |
Many important biological molecules, including sugars, fats, and proteins, contain __ and/or __ groups. | hydroxyl or thiol groups |
In biological systems, the hydroxyl group is often involved in a variety of reactions such as __, __, __, __. | oxidation, reduction, hydration, dehydration |
How is the hydroxyl group represented in a formula? | OH (oxygen and hydrogen) |
An aromatic ring with one hydrogen missing is called an __ group. | aryl |
Oxidation is the __ of reduction. | opposite |
What has 2 aryl or alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom? | ethers |
In glycolysis, several general steps center on the __ of the hydroxyl group. | reactivity |
To make an ether, you take an H (hydrogen) off and replace it with an __ or __ group. | alkyl or aryl |
What is the opposite of dehydration? | hydration |
What process harvests ATP from glucose in the body? | glycolysis |
The thiol group is in the structure of some __ __. | amino acids |
The thiol group in the structure of some amino acids is essential for keeping __ in the proper 3-dimensional shape for biological function. | proteins |
In general, an alcohol is an organic compound that contains a __ group attached to an __ group. | hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl group |
The -OH group of alcohols is very (polar or nonpolar?) | polar |
Many important biological molecules, including __, __, and __ contain hydroxyl and/or thiol groups. | sugars (carbs), fats (lipids), and proteins |
Hydrogen bonds can form between __ molecules. | alcohol |
Hydrogen bonds are not chemical bonds, but a __-__ attraction. | dipole-dipole |
Why do alcohols boil at much higher temps than other hydrocarbons? | intermolecular hydrogen bonding |
The thiol group in some amino acids is essential for keeping proteins in what kind of shape? This shape is vital to biological function. | three-dimensional |
A protein that has lost its 3-dimensional shape has been __. | denatured |
What is an alcohol? | An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group attached to an alkyl group. |
Alcohols with fewer than __ carbons are very soluble in water. | 4 (or 5) carbons |
Which part of the alcohol is hydrophobic? | nonpolar region |
Which pare of the alcohol is hydrophilic? | the polar part |
Because of the __ __ bonding, alcohols boil at much higher temps than other hydrocarbons of similar molecular weight. | intermolecular hydrogen bonding |
Diols have 2 __. | -OH's |
What kind of bonds can form between alcohol molecules? | hydrogen |
Triols have 3 __. | -OH's |
Are diols and triols more or less water soluble than alcohols with a single -OH group? | more |
The presence of __ __ in large biological molecules (like proteins and nucleic acids) allows intramolecular hydrogen bonding that keeps these molecules in the shape needed for biological functions. | hydroxyl groups |
Why are alcohols with fewer than 4-5 carbons very soluble in water? | because of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the alcohol and the water molecules |
The presence of hydroxyl groups in large biological molecules (like proteins and nucleic acids) allows __ __ bonding that keeps these molecules in the shape needed for biological functions. | intramolecular hydrogen bonding |
Alcohols with fewer than 4-5 carbons are very soluble in water because of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the __ and the __ molecules. | alcohol and water molecules |
Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of __ groups attached to the carbinol carbon. | alkyl |
The carbinol carbon is the one that is attached to the __ group. | hydroxyl, or -OH, group |
If the carbinol carbon has 2 hydrogens, it is probably __. | primary |
If the carbinol carbon has no hydrogens, it is probably __. | tertiary |
If the carbinol carbon has 1 hydrogen, it is probably __. | secondary |
The addition of a __ molecule to the C=C (carbon-to-carbon bond) of an alkene produces an alcohol. | water |
Adding a water molecule to an alkene is called __. | hydration |
Hydration require a trace of __ as a catalyst. | acid/H+ |
Alcohol may also be prepared by the __ of aldehydes and ketones. | hydrogenation (this is a reduction reaction) |
Alcohols undergo dehydration (loss of a water molecule) when heated with concentrated __ or __ acid. | sulfuric (H2SO4)or phosphoric (H3PO4) acid |
Dehydration is an elimination reaction where a molecule loses atoms or __. | ions |
What is formed from a dehydration reaction? | An alkene and water. |
Dehydration of some alcohols produces a __ of products. | mixture |
In an elimination reaction, the alkene with the __ number of alkyl groups on the double bonded carbons is the major product of the reaction. | greatest number |
Alcohol can be oxidized with a variety of oxidizing agents into __, __, __ acids. | aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids |
The addition of a water molecule to the carbon-to-carbon bond of an __ produces an alcohol. | alkene |
Alcohol may also be prepared by the hydrogenation (reduction reaction) of __ and __. | aldehydes and ketones |
Whose rule says that, in an elimination reaction, the alkene with the greatest number of alkyl groups on the double bonded carbons is the major product of the reaction. | Zaitsev's rule |
What is the formula for sulfuric acid? | H2SO4 |
What is the formula for phosphoric acid? | H3PO4 |
An alkene and water are formed from __ reactions. | dehydration |
The oxidizing agents used most commonly to oxidize an alcohol are solutions of basic __ __ and __ acid. | potassium permangonate and chromic acid. |
Oxidation of a primary alchohol produces an __. | aldehyde |
Oxidation of a secondary alcholo produces a __. | ketone |
In an elimination reaction, the alkene with the greatest number of alkyl groups on the double bonded carbons is the __ product of the reaction. | major |
Which kind of alcohol cannot be oxidized? | tertiary |
Are aldehydes stable? | no |
Potassium permangonate and chromic acid are the most commonly used __ agents on alchol. | oxidizing |
In an elimination reaction, the alkene with the greatest number of alkyl groups on the __ __ carbons is the major product of the reaction. | double bonded |
What is the common name for the medically important methanol? | wood alcohol |
What is the common name for the medically important ethanol? | grain alcohol |
What is the common name for the medically important 2-Propenol? | isopropyl alcohol |
What is the common name for the medically important 1,2-Ethanediol? | ethyline glycol |
What is the common name for the medically important 1,2,3-Propanetriol? | glycerol |
Oxidation is a loss of __. | electrons |
Reduction is a gain of __. | electrons |
In organic systems, oxidation can be recognized as a __ of oxygen AND/OR a loss of __. | gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen |
In organic systems, a reduction reaction may involve a __ of oxygen or a __ of hydrogen. | loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen |
An alkane may be oxidized to an alcohol by __ an oxygen. | gaining |
A primary or secondary alcohol may be oxidized to an aldehyde or a ketone by the __ of hydrogen. | loss |
Finally, an aldehyde may be oxidized to a carboxylic acid by __ an oxygen. | gaining |
What is the order of oxidation from an alkane to a carboxylic acid? List, in order, the compounds that form, starting with an alkane and ending with the carboxylic acid. | 1. alkane 2. primary alchohol 3. aldehyde 4. carboxylic acid |
Reduction is a (gain or loss?) of electrons. | gain |
In living systems, oxidation/reduction reactions are catalyzed by the actions of various __ called oxidoreductases. | enzymes |
Oxidoreductases require compounds called __ to accept or donate a hydrogen in the reactions that they catalyze. | coenzymes |
Oxidation is a (gain or loss?) of electrons? | loss |
An __ may be oxidized to an alcohol by gainin an oxygen. | alkane |
A primary or secondary __ may be oxidized to an aldehyde or a ketone by the loss of hydrogen. | alchohol |
Finally, an __ may be be oxidized to a carboxylic acid by gaining an oxygen. | aldehyde |
When oxidizing from an alkane to an carboxylic acid, the sequence of events would be what? Include the compounds that form and what they gain or lose. | 1. alkane gains an oxygen 2. 1* or 2* alcohol loses a hydrogen 3. The aldehyde or ketone gains an oxygen to become a carboxylic acid. |
Phenols are compounds in which the -OH group is attached to the __ __. | benzene ring |
In living systems, oxidation/reduction reactions are catalyzed by the actions of enzymes called __. | oxidoreductases |
Are phenols polar or nonpolar? | polar |
What kind of phenols are soluble in water? | simple phenols |
Oxidreductases required compounds called coenzymes to accept or donate a __ in the reactions that they catalyze. | hydrogen |
Where can phenols be found? | 1. flavorings 2. fragrances 3. preservatives 4. germicides |
What do you call compound in which the -OH group is attached to the benzene ring? | Phenols |
What preservative is made from a phenol? | butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) |
What is the order of reduction from a carboxylic acid to an alkane? List the compounds that form in order. | 1. carboxylic acid 2. aldehyde 3. primary alcohol 4. alkane |
Ethers have what general formula? | R-O-R' |
The R' (R prime) symbol means that this R isn't necessarily the same as the previous __ in the structure. | R |
The carbon-oxygen bond in an ether is polar or nonpolar? | polar (So ethers are polar) |
Can ethers form hydrogen bonds? | No, so they can't have -OH groups |
The boiling points of ethers are higher or lower than those of alkanes with similar molecular weight? | higher |
The boiling points of ethers are higher or lower than those of alchols with similar molecular weight? | lower |
When reducing from a carboxylic acid to an alkane, the sequence of events would be what? Include the compounds that form and what they gain or lose. | 1. carboxylic acid loses an oxygen 2. aldehyde gains a hydrogen 3. primary alcohol loses an oxygen 4. an alkane is formed. |
The more molecular weight, the __ the boiling point. | higher |
In the IUPAC naming system, the -OR substituent of an ehter is names as an __ group. | alkoxy |
An alkoxy group is an __ group bonded to an oxygen. | alkyl |
In the common naming system, ethers are named by placing the names of the 2 __ groups as prefixes in front of the word "ether." | alkyl |
Are ethers chemically inert? | Yes |
What does volatile mean? | easily vaporized |
Ethers are highly __ and highly __. | volatile and flammable |
Ethers may be prepared by what kind of reaction? | dehydration |
An alkoxy group is an alkyl group bonded to an __. | oxygen |
Dehydration reactions occur when you lose a __ molecule between 2 alcohols. | water |
What is needed for a dehydration reaction to form an ether? | heat and an acid (which will have an H+) |
At least one product of a dehydration reaction will be a __ molecule when forming an ether. | water |
What was the first general anesthetic used by William Morton? | Diethyl ether |
An __ group is an alkyl group bonded to an oxygen. | alkoxy |
Halogenated ethers are routinely used as __ __ today. | general anesthetics |
Dehydration reactions occur when you lose a water molecule between 2 __. | alchohols |
Thiols are compounds that contain the __ group. | sulfhydryl or -SH |
When naming thiols, the suffix -thiol follows the name of the __ compound. | parent |
The amino acid __ is a thiol. | cysteine |
2 cysteine molecules can undergo oxidation to form __. | cystine |
The disulfide bond a structure will be represented by what symbols? | -S-S- |
__ __ are routinely used a general anesthetics today. | Halogenated ethers |
An alkoxy group is an __ group bonded to an __. | alkyl group bonded to an oxygen |
Coenzyme A is a __ and serves as a carrier of acetyl groups in biochemical reactions. | thiol |
Acetyl groups are written how? | CH3CO- |
The sulfhydryl group in an unnumbered cyclo structure can go __. | anywhere, or on any of the carbons |
Hydrogenation is a __ process. | reduction |
One R group means that an alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary? | primary |
Two R groups mean that an alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary? | secondary |
Three R groups mean that an alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary? | tertiary |
The symbol [O] refers to an ? | oxidizing agent |
Hydroxyl refers to an __ group. | -OH group |