Question | Answer |
aromaticity requirements | 4n+2 total electrons (odd number of pairs); all atoms must be sp2 or sp hybridized |
antiaromatic compounds | 4 pi electrons -> free radicals, very unstable |
inductive effects | electronegativity -> almost everything is more EN than H, but inductive effects aren't as important as resonance |
Sandmeyer reactions | use N2 on benzene to add other substituents in its place |
class 1 carbonyls | undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution rxns (3rd ox level) |
class 2 carbonyls | undergo acyl additions (2nd ox level) |
zero oxidation level | all alkanes (bound to 0 more EN atoms) |
1st oxidation level | (alcohol ox level) -> bound to 1 more EN atom |
2nd oxidation level | (ketone ox level) -> bound to 2 more EN atoms |
3rd oxidation level | (acid ox level) -> bound to 3 more EN atoms |
4th oxidation level | bound to 4 more EN atoms |
kicking out LG on carbonyl addition | more basic= better at kicking out LG, but this can be overwhelmed by concentration effects of nucleophile |
three important hydride sources | sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, DIBAL |
what does LiAlH4 reduce? | acids, amides, esters, ketones aldehydes |
what does DIBAl reduce? | acids (requires heat!), amides, esters, ketones aldehydes |
what does NaBH4 reduce? | ketones and aldehydes only |
# pi electrons- antiaromatic | 4n |
# pi electrons- aromatic | 4n + 2 |