Term | Definition |
saturated solution | contains the max amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature |
unsaturated solution | contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve |
supersaturated solution | contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution (very unstable...crystallization often occurs) |
crystallization | process in which dissolved solute comes out of solution and forms crystals |
exothermic solution process | the solute-solvent attraction is stronger than the solvent-solvent attraction and solute-solute attraction |
endothermic solution process | the solute-solvent interaction is weaker than the solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions |
solubility | a measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent at a specific temperature |
miscible | two liquids are completely soluble in each other in all proportions |
solvation | process in which an ion or molecule is surrounded by solvent molecules arranged in a specific manner |
hydration | process in which an ion or a molecule is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner |
concentration | the amount of solute present in a given amount of a solution |
percent by mass | ratio of the mass of a solute to the mass of the solution multiplied by 100% |
mole fraction | ratio of the moles of a substance over the sum of the moles in all components of the solution |
molarity | ratio of moles of solute over volume of solution |
molality | ratio of moles of the solute over the mass of the solvent |
fractional crystallization | the separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of their differing solubilities |
thermal pollution | the heating of the environment to temperatures that are harmful to its living inhabitants |