Term | Definition |
Mole Ratios | Based on balanced chemical equations. |
Stoichiometry | The process of using a chemical equation to calculate the relative masses of the reactants and products involved in a reacion. |
Limiting reacant(limiting reagant) | The reacant that runs out first and thus limits the amounts of products that can form |
Theoretical yield | The maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reacant is completely consumed |
Percent yield | The actual yield of a product as the percentage of the theoretical yield |
Electromagnetic radiation | Radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vaccum |
Wavelenght | The distance bewteen two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave |
Frequency | The number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space |
Photon | A particle of electromagnetic radiation |
Wave Mechanical Model | General picture of the model |
Orbital | The three-dimensional region in which there is a high probability of finding an electron in an atom |
Principal Energy Levels | we call the levels |
Sublevels | subdivided levels |
Pauli exclusion principle | an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and those two electrons must have oppposite spins |
Electron Configuration | The arrangement of electrons in an atom |
Orbital Diagram/Box Diagram | Orbitals are represented by boxes grouped by sublevel with small arrows indicating the electrons |
Valance Electrons | The electron in the outermost principal energy level of the atom |
Core Electron | An inner electron: an electron not in the outermost principal energy level of the atom |
Lanthanide series | group of 14 elements |
Actinide series | group of 14 elements |
Main-group elements/Representative | Group 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 |
Metals | Luctrous apperance,ability to change shape with breaking, good with heat and electricity |
Nonmetals | do not have physical properties although there aer some expections |
Metalloids | they exhibit both metal and nonmetals |
Atomic size | explains the decrease and some thought |
Ionization energy | the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion |
Bond | the force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them funcation as a unit |
Bond energy | the energy required to break a given chemical bond |
Ionic bonding | the attraction bewteen oppositely charged ions |
Ionic compound | a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions |
Convalent bonding | a type of bonding in which atoms share electrons |
Polar convalent bond | a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts the shared electrons more than the other atom |
Electronegativity | the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself |
Dipole moment | a property of molecule in which the charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge |
Lewis structure | a representation of a molecule or polyatomic ion showing how valance electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule or ion |
Duet rule | where it shares two electrons |
Bonding pair | a pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar-covalent bond |
Lone pair | electron pairs in a lewis stucture that are not involved in bonding |
Single bond | a covalent or polar covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms |
Double bond | a covalent or polar covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
Triple bond | a convalent or polar covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms |
Resonance | a condition occurring when more than one valid lewis stucture can be written for particular molecule |
Molecular structure(geometric structure) | the three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
Valance shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model | a model used to predict molecular geometry. based on the idea that pairs of electrons surrounding an atom repel each other and that the atoms in a molecule are positioned to minimize this repulsion |
Solution | a homogenous mixture |
Solvent | the dissolving medium in a solution |
Solute | the substance dissolved in the solvent to make a solution |
Aqueous solution | a solution with water as a solvent |
Saturated | describes a solution that contains as much solute as will dissolve at that temperature |
Unsaturated | describes a solution in which more solute can dissolve than is dissolved already at the temperature |
Supersaturated | describes a solution that contains more solute thean a saturated solution will hold at that temperature |
Concentrated | describes a solution in which a relatively large amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
Dilute | describes a solution in which a relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
Mass percent | mass of solute present in a given mass of solution |
Molarity | describes the amount of solute in moles and the volume of the solution in liters |
Standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
Dilution | the process of adding solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of soulte |
Neutralization reaction | an acid base reaction |
Equivalent of an acid | the amount of acid that can furnish one mole of hydrogen ions |
Equivalent of a base | the amount of base that can furnish one mole of hydroxide ions |
Equivalent weight | the mass in grams of one equivalent of an acid or a base |
Colligative property | a property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles present in solution |
Acid | a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution a proton donor |
Base | a substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution a substance that accepts a proton |
Arrhenius concept of acids and bases | acids produce hydrogen ions in solution bases produce hydroxide ions in solutions |
Conjugate acid | the substance formed when a proton is added to a base |
Bronsted-lory model | acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor |
Conjugate base | the remaining substance when a proton is lost from a acid |
Conjugate acid-base pair | two substances related to each other by the donating and accepting of a singe proton |
Hydronium ion | H3O+ |
Strong acid | an acid that completely dissociates to produce H+ ions in solution |
Weak acid | an acid that dissociates to a slight extent in aqueous solution |
Diprotic acid | an acid that can furnish two protons |
Oxyacid | an acid in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom |
Organic acid | an acid with a carbon atom backbone and a carboxyl group |
Carboxyl group | carbon-atom backbone |
Amphoteric substance | a substance that can behave either as a acid or a base |
Ionization of water | transfer of one molecule to another to produce a hydroxide ion and a hydronium ion |
Ion-product constant | for water |
pH scale | provides a compact to represent solution acidity |
Indicator(acid base) | a chemical that changes color depending on the pH of a solution |
Indicator paper | a strip of paper coated with a combination of acid-base indicators |
pH meter | a device used to measure the pH of a solution |
Neutralization reaction | an acid-base reaction |
Titration | a technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
Standard solution | a solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
Buret | a device used for a accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of a liquid or solution |
Equivalance point(stoichiometric point) | the point in a titation when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution that is being titrated |
Titration curve(pH curve) | a plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrant added to a given solution |
Buffered solution | a solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or a base are added |
Collision model | molecules must collide in order to react used to account for the fact that reactions rate depends on concentraions of reactants and temperature |
Activation energy | the minimum energy required in order to cause a chemical reaction |
Catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed |
Enzyme | a large molecule, usually a protein, which catalyzes a biological reactions |
Homogenous reactions | reaction involving reactants and products in the same state |
Heterogenous reactions | reactions involving reactants and products in different states |
Equilibrium | the exact balance of two processes, one of which is opposite of the other |
Chemical Equilibrium | a dynamic state where the concentraions of the reactants and the products remain constant over time, as long as the conditions are not changed |
Law of chemical equilibruim | it is a general description of the equilibruim conditions |
Equilibrium expression | it is the way that you write it out |
Equilibrium constant | it is where it stays in the place |
Equilibrium position | a particular set of equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products in a chemical sysytem |
Homogenous equilibrium | an equilibrium system in which all reactants and products are in the same state |
Heterogeneous equilibrium | an equilibrium system in which all reactants and products are in different states |
Le Chatelier's principle | if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium position will shift to reduce the effect of that change |
Solubility product constant | the constant for the equilibrium expression representing the dissolving of an ionic solid in water |