Question | Answer |
What are the standard units for quantitative measurements? | mass: gram (g) |
length: meter (m) or centimeter (cm) | |
Give the difference between solids | liquids |
liquids - not compressible and does not maintain shape | |
gasses - compressible and does not maintain shape | |
When using the metric system | what are the common prefixes and what do they mean? |
kilo - 10³ | |
base unit | |
milli - 10⁻³ | |
micro - 10⁻⁶ | |
nano - 10⁻⁹ | |
What is meant by the phase of a substance? | The phase of a substance is the state of matter it is currently in |
How are pure substances different from mixtures? | Pure substances are made of the same material throughout whereas mixtures are a combination of several different substances. |
How is a physical process different from a chemical process? | During a physical change |
During a chemical change | the substance you end up with is chemically different from the substance you started with. |
What characterizes an intensive property? Give two examples. | It is a property that is true of a substance now matter the size or shape of the sample |
Examples: density | color |
What characterizes an extensive property? Give two examples. | It is property that is dependent on the amount or shape of a sample. |
Examples: weight | length |
What is density? | Density is the mass of an object per unit volume. |
Mass/Volume | |
Describe how the density of an object can be determined. | The density is determined by dividing the mass of an object by the volume of that object. |
Describe the rudimentary structure of an atom. | An atom has a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons with electrons flying around in shells outside the nucleus. |
What are the three principle subatomic particles? | -protons (+) |
-neutrons (0) | |
electronis (-) | |
What is the difference between an atom | an ion |
ion - particle that is has a charge BESIDES 0 | |
molecule - a particle that is composed of atoms and has a charge of 0 | |
What is the approximate mass of each of the fundamental subatomic particles? | proton - 1 amu |
neutron - 1 amu | |
electron - 1/1840 amu | |
What does the abbreviation amu stand for? How many grams is 1 amu? | atomic mass unit; 1.66x10⁻²⁴ grams (inverse of avogadro's #) |
What is meant by the term "nuclear charge?" What symbol is used? | The nuclear charge is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus and is denoted with Z. |
ex. Z of Na = +11 | |
What property makes two atoms members of the same element? | the number of protons |
How can the mass of an atom be determined? | The mass of an atom is determined by adding the number of protons and neutrons together. |
What property allows two atoms of the same element to have different masses? | the number of neutrons |
What are isotopes? | They are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. |
What does the number under the symbol on the periodic table indicate | It indicates the average atomic mass of all of that element that occurs on earth. |
In what ways are the elements arranged in the periodic table? | They are arranged into periods (rows) and families (columns). |
What are the 7 diatomic elements? | H₂ |
What are the 2 polyatomic elements? | S₈ |
What are the names of families 1A - 8A on the periodic table? | 1a - alkali metals |
2a - alkaline earths | |
3a - aluminum family | |
4a - carbon family | |
5a - nitrogen family | |
6a - calcogens | |
7a - halogens | |
8a - noble gasses | |
What is a transuranium element? | It is any element that comes after uranium in the periodic table (which are all artificial). |
What is a transition metal? | It is a metal in any of the 'b' groups |
What is a main group element? | An element that is not a transition metal. |
How are the families of elements numbered? | 1-18 (or else 1a |
In the expression 3O₂ | what does the three represent? The two? |
What is the difference between S and S₈? | S is elemental sulfur whereas S₈ is a sulfur molecule made of eight sulfur atoms. |
What is an empiracle formula? | It is the most reduced ratio of elements in a molecule. |
What is a structural formula? | It represents the atoms and arrangements of bonds in a molecule |
Name the 6 types of chemical reactions. | -Combination Rxns |
-Decomposition Rxns | |
-Combustion Rxns | |
-Single Replacement Rxns | |
-Double Replacement Rxns | |
-Neutralization Rxns | |
Between oxidation and reduction | which is losing electrons and which is gaining them? |
Reduction - gaining of electrons | |