Question | Answer |
The chapter tells the story of Benjamin Montgomery to make the point that | for former slaves to attain meaningful lives a free citizens, they would need economic power, which, in turn, required political power |
According to your text, what two issues lay at the heart of Reconstruction? | the future of political and economic power for African Americans, and the future of North-South economic and political relations |
During the war, congressional leaders felt that Lincoln's plan ________, so they passed ________. | was too lenient; the more stringent Wade-Davis bill, which Lincoln vetoed |
Both Lincoln's and Johnson's Reconstruction plans shared an intent to | liberally grant pardons to Confederate soldiers. |
The Radical Republicans in Congress approached Reconstruction with each of the following convictions EXCEPT that | to heal the nation, the South should be treated with generosity and compassion. |
The southern response to war's end and Johnson's program of Reconstruction indicated | despair and defiance |
Under new president Andrew Johnson, presidential Reconstruction | made it possible for former high-ranking Confederates to assume positions of power in the reconstructed southern governments |
Which of the following is NOT true about the Radical-dominated Reconstruction Congress? | Its influence waned when northern voters repudiated Radical congressmen at the polls in 1866. |
The central issue that divided Johnson and congressional Radicals was | the future place of African Americans in U.S. society |
The North interpreted black codes as | evidence that the South sought to keep freedmen in an economically dependent and legally inferior status |
The southern governments, as initially reconstituted after the war, alarmed northern public opinion for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that | they were blatantly corrupt and wasteful in spending tax dollars |
What won the support of congressional moderates for the Radical program? | the president's uncompromising veto of a civil rights bill |
Which of the following did the congressional Reconstruction program enacted 1866-1867 NOT provide for? | a land reform measure that would grant small tracts of farmland to deserving freedmen |
The Second Confiscation Act of 1862 had authorized the government to seize and sell the property of supporters of the rebellion; however, President Johnson ruled that the law | applied only to wartime |
The Fifteenth Amendment | expanded suffrage |
Andrew Johnson narrowly avoided conviction on impeachment charges because | some Republicans feared that removal would set a bad precedent for using impeachment as a political weapon against the presidency |
Which of the following most accurately explains the meaning of the refusal of Congress to convict Johnson? | The power of the Radicals in Congress was waning |
African Americans who held political office in southern Reconstruction governments generally | were educated professionals, independent landowners, or otherwise from the ranks of black elites |
What is true about southern economic redevelopment? | Republican-dominated Reconstruction governments sought to encourage southern industry |
One measure of black efforts to experience freedom was the | adoption of a surname. |
Which of the following was illumined by the text as a familial problem faced by some African Americans after they were freed? | having multiple spouses |
After emancipation, the most important institutions for African Americans as they tried to establish their own independent family and community life were the | schools and the churches |
In the years after the Civil War, many freedmen ended up working as | farmers under a sharecropper system |
"Sharecropping" means | returning a fraction of the harvest to the landowner as rent |
Most new textile workers in the South were | poor and white |
What is the best explanation for why tenancy became widespread in the South? | A shortage of cash and credit made land ownership difficult |
At the center of southern life was | the church |
The text makes the point that southern rural folk sought stability and social order in | religion |
To what does the term "Jim Crow" refer? | a system of legalized separation of blacks as socially inferior |
Who were the Redeemers? | white Democrats vowing to end Republican rule |
Taos of New Mexico believed that each spring the pregnant earth issued new life. Which of the following is a custom they followed with respect to this belief? | unshod their horses |
The earlier federal Indian policy of "concentration" (deemed a failure by the 1880s) sought to | limit the hunting grounds of many tribes |
What was the difference between the racial labor identities of California and Texas? | California had Asian Americans, where Texas did not. |
The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 proved destructive because it | attacked the communal structure of tribal life |
Labor in the construction of the California section of the transcontinental railroad was supplied by | Chinese Workers |
How were the cities of the urban West different than the cities of the East? | They grew outward instead of upward. |
By 1887 Congress had become so alarmed at foreign ownership of western land that it enacted the | Alien Land Law |
The text stresses that the late-1800s phase of industrialization brought about not only corporations of great size but also | a national network of complex systems of industry, invention, and information |
The first "big business" in America, at least in terms of finance, labor relations, and management, was the | railroad industry |
What company did J. Pierpont Morgan create when he merged nine competing steel manufacturers into one? | United States Steel Corporation |
Which is a true statement about forms of business organization? | The trust was a device to enlarge corporate power by jointly controlling and managing once-competing firms through a central board of directors |
From where did the bulk of the manpower come, to work in the many new factories? | both from the rural areas of America and Europe |
The ________ was an essential system undergirding the rise of big business; it was itself big business; it was a cultural symbol of American industrialization; and it was a stimulus to other enterprises because it consumed so many natural resources. | railroad system |
Which of the following, according to critics of industrial capitalism, was a "cost of doing business"? | concentrated power |
Serving as financial advisers to railroads, the ________ often eventually found themselves taking control. | investment bankers |
Which of the following was a union benefit the railroad "brotherhoods" provided their members prior to the Civil War? | insurance |
A true social Darwinist like William Graham Sumner would accept | business bankruptcies |
Which of the following advocated what was referred to as "social Darwinism"? | Herbert Spencer |
Who advocated what he called a "single tax"? | Henry George |
The American Federation of Labor was comparatively successful because it | stressed gradual, concrete gains for its members |
What statement about the workers' world of the 1880s and 1890s is true? | Each year, industrial mishaps injured over 500,000 workers |
What does the text mean by asserting that certain jobs were "feminized"? | Males tended to no longer pursue certain professional occupations once women entered them in significant numbers. |
For ordinary workers to affect the industrial order, they had to develop their own kind of integrated system. Specifically, they had to pursue | unionization |
The ________ prescribed not only an economic system, but a Protestant moralistic social plan. | Knights of Labor |
Which statement about the American Federation of Labor is true? | The AFL, a combination of craft unions, stressed concrete, practical economic gains |
Which is an accurate statement about demographic trends in the late nineteenth century? | The proportion of Americans living in cities rose |
Which of the following statements about late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century immigrants is NOT true? | Most were skilled urban workers |
Which of the following statements about late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century immigrants is NOT true? | Most were Protestants. |
In late nineteenth-century American cities | the middle and upper classes lived in the newer outer suburbs. |
Before the 1880s, most immigrants came from ________; after the 1880s, most immigrants came from ________. | northern and western Europe; southern and eastern Europe |
What was the primary solution to the realization that cities could hardly survive, let alone grow, without improved transportation? | electric streetcars |
The urban political machines stayed in power in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century because | they effectively provided needed services to the poorer city dwellers. |
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the urban bosses? | They both served and exploited the people of the city. |
A new experiment in providing social services to slum dwellers featured centers where middle-class women lived among the poor, provided amenities, and taught American ways to immigrants. These were called | settlement houses |
Evidence justifying the use of the label "politics of paralysis" to describe the American political system during the late nineteenth century includes all of the following EXCEPT that | . the period was marked by relatively low voter turnout |
Which party tended to support a program of active federal support for economic growth, including high tariffs? | Republicans |
What was the "bloody shirt"? | a rhetorical symbol used by Republicans and Democrats to blame each other for the Civil War |
The first modern governmental reform law, the Pendleton Act of 1883 enacted in response to the assassination of President Garfield, provided for | civil service merit standards and procedures for government jobs |
Farmer frustrations that fueled the rise of the People's party included all of the following EXCEPT | inflation |
The ________ was created in response to the Supreme Court's ruling in Munn v. Illinois and set an important precedent in establishing a right for federal government to regulate private corporations. | Interstate Commerce Commission |
In the years surrounding 1890, an innovative program of self-help spearheaded by the Southern Alliance movement flourished, though on the whole the effort, known as "________," failed. | cooperatives |
The election of 1892 was especially significant because the | Democrats won both houses of Congress |
What is the best explanation of "free silver"? | The U.S. government would promote prosperity by inflating the money supply through minting all the silver offered to it. |
Coxey's Army | descended on Washington to demand a program to employ the jobless |
Above all, the depression of the 1890s demonstrated the | inability of the nation's political system to smooth out the economic cycle of boom and bust. |
As a result of the depression of 1893, | new attitudes toward poverty and government responsibility emerged |
The Southwest had a distinct and complex development; just as the southern economy relied on the labor of African Americans, the Southwest grew on the labor of: | Chinese |
Former slaves who followed reports of better opportunities to the promised land of Kansas were nicknamed | Exodusters |