Term | Definition |
Hydrocarbons | Carbon covalently bonded with Hydrogen. |
Derivative Hydrocarbons | Carbon, Hydrogen and another element |
Carbohydrates | -Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
-sugars and starches, with most made by plants. |
Isomers | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. |
Monosaccharide | -Simple sugars |
Pentose sugars | 5 Carbon sugars in Monosaccharides. Found in DNA and RNA. |
Hexose sugars | 6 Carbon sugars in Monosacchardies. Found in Glucose and Fructose. |
Glucose | C6H12O6, blood sugar; made from carbs, proteins, and fats. |
Fructose | C6H12O6. Found in fruits and honey |
Galactose | C6H12O6. Monomer in milk sugar. |
Disaccharides | 2 simple sugars chemically bound together by a dehydration/condensation reaction. |
Sucrose | Glucose and Fructose a.k.a table salt. Found in sugar cane and beats. |
Maltose | Glucose and Glucose a.k.a malt sugar. Found in fermented to make alcoholic beverages. |
Lactose | Glucose and Galactose a.k.a milk sugar. |
Polysaccharides | consists of many monomers chemically bonded together by a condensation reaction. |
Starch | Made by plants, using hundreds of units of Glucose. Used as a sweetener, preservative, and to add texture. |
Glycogen | "animal starch" and used a energy reserves |
Cellulose | Forms the outer layer of the cell walls in plants. |
Chitin | Forms the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and the cell wall of fungi. |
Lipids | Derivative of Hydrocarbons and contains COOH, found in the fatty acids. |
Neutral (simple) fats | a.k.a triglycerides, generally found in the diet and body. |
Saturated | has more Hydrogen, solid at room temperature, is from animal fats and has cholesterol. |
Unsaturated | has less Hydrogen, liquid at room temperature, is from plant oils and does not have cholesterol. |
Transfats | Hydrogenated oils processed to increase hydrogen double bonds without the kinks. |
Phospholipid | Second type of lipids, has a hydrophilic, and polar head and a hydrophobic, non-polar tail. |
Steroids | Soluable in benzene. Found in Testosterone, Estrogen and adrenal hormones, Vitamin D, Bile acids, and cholesterol. |
Proteins | have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. Main component of tissues and body parts along with regulatory functions and neurotransmitters |
Amino Acids | Monomers of proteins that are small enough to enter the cell. |
Peptide Bonds | Joins amino acids together between COOH and NH2 groups. |
Primary Structures | "spells the protein" and consists on a number of polypeptide chains. |
Secondary Structures | 3-dimensional structures |
Tertiary Structures | 3-dimensional foldings that form a globular or spherical shape. EX, enzymes, blood proteins and anti-bodies. |
Quaternary Structures | Huge proteins with multiple globular proteins. EX, hemoglobin |
Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
DNA | confined to the nucleus; forms the genes on the chromosomes. Small amounts are also found in organelles. |
RNA | Formed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. Moves the ribosoms and directs protein synthesis. |
Monomers of Nucleic Acids | Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil |