Question | Answer |
alcohol nucleophilic pattern | primary= most; tertiary=least |
ethers are called what if another functional group is present? | alkoxy |
alcohol solubility/polarity pattern | larger=less soluble and less polar |
alcohol acidity pattern | as R becomes more electron withdrawing, the more acidic the alcohol becomes |
hydride sources (2) | NaBH4 (weak) , LiAlH4 (strong) |
is ketone product observed in Grignard rxns w/ carboxylic ester? | no |
Grignard reagents will not add into | carboxylic acids |
alcohol dehydrations work well with ` | secondary and tertiary alcohols |
alcohol dehydrations produce | alkene products |
tertiary alcohols dehydrate via | E1 |
secondary alcohols dehydrate via | E2 |
oxidation of primary alcohols= | aldehydes or carboxylic acids |
oxidation of secondary alcohols= | ketones |
oxidation of tertiary alcohols= | no reaction (no H with which to react on -OH carbon) |
2 mild oxidants | DMP, TEMPO + NaOCl |
Ether synthesis mechanism | SN2 for primary, secondary, and aromatic alkoxides
E2 for tertiary alkoxides |
ubiquinone | oxidizes NADH to NAD+ |
mass spectroscopy | detects the mass by using the mass/charge ratio (charge=+1) |
electron ionization | bombart w/ electrons; ejects e-'s from the molecule (used for mass spec) |
electrospray ionization | molecule w/ Lewis basic sites dissolved in mildly acidic solution; dispersed as an aerosol (less harsh than electron ionization; used for mass spec) |
visible range | 380-780 |
amplitude | midpoint-peak |
intensity of light= | proportional to the square of its amplitude |
C= | 3.00x10^8 |
speed= | wavelengthxfrequency |
IR units | cm^-1 (wavenumbers) |
IR spectroscopy | all bonds stretch, bend, vibrate; energy absorbed if matches energy of a certain functional group (OH= big higher # stretch) |
UV-Vis spectrometry | detects conjugated pi systems |
NMR | magnetic field lines up spins of the nuclei in the direction or opposite direction of magnetic field (higher energy=opposite) |
CH3-CH2-OH: how many peaks? | 3 |
n+1 rule | neighboring hydrogens +1 = multiplicity of each peak |
intensity of peaks in NMR tell you | how many hydrogens are in each environment |
how to determine oxidation state | how many bonds to heteroatoms (NOS) or halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) an atom has |
aldehyde nomenclature | -al |
ketone nomenclature | -one |