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CHEM 245- Unit 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alcohol nucleophilic pattern | primary= most; tertiary=least |
| ethers are called what if another functional group is present? | alkoxy |
| alcohol solubility/polarity pattern | larger=less soluble and less polar |
| alcohol acidity pattern | as R becomes more electron withdrawing, the more acidic the alcohol becomes |
| hydride sources (2) | NaBH4 (weak) , LiAlH4 (strong) |
| is ketone product observed in Grignard rxns w/ carboxylic ester? | no |
| Grignard reagents will not add into | carboxylic acids |
| alcohol dehydrations work well with ` | secondary and tertiary alcohols |
| alcohol dehydrations produce | alkene products |
| tertiary alcohols dehydrate via | E1 |
| secondary alcohols dehydrate via | E2 |
| oxidation of primary alcohols= | aldehydes or carboxylic acids |
| oxidation of secondary alcohols= | ketones |
| oxidation of tertiary alcohols= | no reaction (no H with which to react on -OH carbon) |
| 2 mild oxidants | DMP, TEMPO + NaOCl |
| Ether synthesis mechanism | SN2 for primary, secondary, and aromatic alkoxides E2 for tertiary alkoxides |
| ubiquinone | oxidizes NADH to NAD+ |
| mass spectroscopy | detects the mass by using the mass/charge ratio (charge=+1) |
| electron ionization | bombart w/ electrons; ejects e-'s from the molecule (used for mass spec) |
| electrospray ionization | molecule w/ Lewis basic sites dissolved in mildly acidic solution; dispersed as an aerosol (less harsh than electron ionization; used for mass spec) |
| visible range | 380-780 |
| amplitude | midpoint-peak |
| intensity of light= | proportional to the square of its amplitude |
| C= | 3.00x10^8 |
| speed= | wavelengthxfrequency |
| IR units | cm^-1 (wavenumbers) |
| IR spectroscopy | all bonds stretch, bend, vibrate; energy absorbed if matches energy of a certain functional group (OH= big higher # stretch) |
| UV-Vis spectrometry | detects conjugated pi systems |
| NMR | magnetic field lines up spins of the nuclei in the direction or opposite direction of magnetic field (higher energy=opposite) |
| CH3-CH2-OH: how many peaks? | 3 |
| n+1 rule | neighboring hydrogens +1 = multiplicity of each peak |
| intensity of peaks in NMR tell you | how many hydrogens are in each environment |
| how to determine oxidation state | how many bonds to heteroatoms (NOS) or halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) an atom has |
| aldehyde nomenclature | -al |
| ketone nomenclature | -one |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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