Question | Answer |
Solution | homogeneous mixture of 2+ substances in a single physical state |
solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution |
solvent | It is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. |
Miscible | soluble, able to be mixed to form a solution |
Immiscible | the property where two substances are not capable of combining to form a homogeneous mixture |
Solubility | the ability of one substance to dissolve in another |
Insoluble | incapable of dissolving in a solvent |
Solvation | |
Unsaturated | When referring to solutions, being able to dissolve more solute. When referring to organic compounds, containing double or triple carbon-carbon bonds |
Saturated | A substance in which the atoms are linked by single bonds |
Supersaturated | the condition in which a liquid has been cooled to a temperature below that at which crystallization normally would occur, without the solid resulting |
Factors affecting solubility | nature of solute and solvent, temperature, pressure |
factors affecting rate of solvation | surface area, stirring, temperature |
concentration | measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution |
% by mass= | mass of solute/ mass of solution x100 |
%by volume= | volume component/total moles solution x100 |
molarity | moles of solute/liters of solution |
mole fraction= | moles of component/ total moles solution |
molality | moles of solute/ kg of solvent |
dilution | M1V1=M2V2 (M is molarity here) |
Colligative properties | depends on concentration of particles in a solution, not upon identity of those particles |
Freezing Point depression | the phenomenon that occurs when the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is lowered by adding another compound to it, such that the solution has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent |
Boiling Point elevation | |
Vapor Pressure reduction | |
Increased Osmotic Pressure | |
Colloids | |
Suspension | |
Chemical Kinetics | -the area concerned with speed at which reactoins occur
-reaction rate is the change in concentration of reactants and rpoducts in a certain amount of time |
Collision theory | reaction rate depends on the collision between reacting particles |
Successful collision occur when particles | -collide with each other
-have correct orientation
-have enough kinetic energy to break bonds |
activation energy | energy required for a reaction ot occur; depends on reactants |
low Ea= ____ reaction rate | fast |
Energy diagram | shows the energy changes that occur throughout a chemical reaction; describes the reaction pathway (mechanism), need to know how to label: reactant energy level, product energy level, activation energy, net energy change |
5 factors that affet rate of reaction | -nature of reactants
-temperature
-concentration
-surface area
-catalysts |
reversible reactions | A+B-> C+D (forward C+D-> A+B (reverse) |
Equilibrium | rates are = while concentrations are not
rates determined by concentrations and activation energy |
Homogenous equilibria | all reactions and products are in the same state |
heterogeneous equilibria | equilibrium conditions for reactants thatinvolve substances in more than 1 state |
Calculating equilibrium constant | 1. Balance equation
2. Write equilibrium expression
3. Substitute the equilibrium concentrations
4. Do the math K>1 favors right, K<1 favors left, K= 1 equal |
LeChatelier's Principle | -if a stress is applied to a system at equilibriu, the equilibrium will shift to reduce stress |
3 types of stress | -change in concentration
-change in pressure: changes volume, system moves depending on moles of gas
-change in temp: treat heat as a reactant/product, chagne sin temp like changing conc of heat |
Reaction Quotient (Q) | the proportion of products/reactants at a specific point in time |
Naming of Acids and Bases | -Bases: namedlike ionic compounds
-Acids names depend on ion endings |
ate= | -ic acid |
ite= | -ous acid |
ide | hydro -ic acid |
titration | analytical method in which a standard solution is used to determine the concentration of unknown solution, based on a neutralization reaction |
MVn=MVn (Molarity, Volume and Number of H+ (acids) or OH- (bases) | |
Monoprotic | acids that contain one ionizable hydrogen |
diprotic | acids that contain two ionizable hydrogens |
triprotic | acids contain three ionizable hydrogens |
amphoteric substances | can act as either acid or base depending on what they are mixed with |
Arrhenius | H+ producer OH- producer |
Bronsted-Lowry | H+ donor H+ acceptor |
Lewis | electron pair acceptor, electron pair donor |
When an acid loses an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | base |
When it gains an H+ it becomes a conjugate ____ | acid |
pH= | log(H3O+) |
pOH= | log(OH-) |
pH+ pOH= | 14 |
hydrocarbons | organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen
- 3 categories: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
-know how to name alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes |