Question | Answer |
What is an atom? | It is the most basic component of matter or the building block of matter. |
What is an element? | It is made up of atoms. Arranged in the periodic table. |
Each atom of the same element has the... | same number of protons. |
Describe electrons.. | e- ; -1 charge unit; outside of the nucleus |
Describe neutrons.. | n^0 ; 0 charge unit; nucleus |
Describe protons.. | p+ ; +1 charge unit; nucleus |
if charge on an atom is neutral then... | #p+ = #e- |
if the atom is charged a.k.a it is a ion then... | #p+ /= #e- |
each element has... | atoms with a unique number of protons |
the atomic number for a element = | #p+ |
group 8 or 18 | noble gases |
group 7 or 17 | halogens |
group 1 | Alkali metals |
group 2 | Alkali earth metals |
group 3-12 | transition metals |
atomic mass = | p+ + n^0 |
What is an isotope? | It is the same element with different masses. |
What is the scientific method? | Observations, Hypothesis, Experiment, Theory, More Experiments |
Accuracy vs. Precision | Accuracy is very close to the true value. Precision is precise but not close to the true value. |
1 orbital | s-subshell |
3 orbitals | p-subshell |
5 orbitals | d-subshell |
7 orbitals | f-subshell |
Hund's Rule | electron spin maximized |
diamagnetic | all electrons are paired in orbitals |
paramagnetic | unpaired electrons are present in orbitals |
shells | energy level
n = principle quantum number |
subshells | s,p,d,f
l = angular momentum quantum numbers
s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f =3 |
orbitals | ml = magnetic quantum number
l = 0, ml = 0
l = 1, ml = -1, 0, +1
l = 2, ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
l = 3, ml = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3
ms = spin quantum number; +1/2, -1/2 |
What is the poly exclusion principle? | Each electron in an atom has to have a set of four unique quantum numbers. |
What does ionic compounds involve? | The transfer of electrons with an ionic bond. Electrostatic force between metals and non-metals. |
What does covalent bonding involve. | The sharing of electrons in non-metals. |
How do you name a compound? | Metal before non-metal. Add -ide to the end of the non-metal name. |
What is an empirical formula? | The lowest possible ratio. |
mono = | one |
di = | two |
tri = | three |
tetra = | four |
penta = | five |
VSEPR | valence shell electron pair repulsion |
180 degree bond angle | linear nolecule |
120 degree bond angle | trigonal planar |
109.5 degree bond angle | tetrahedral |
5 connections VESPR | trigonal bipyramid |
6 connections VESPR | octahedral |
107.3 degree bond angle; lone pair of e- | trigonal pyramidal |
104.5 degree bond angle | bent |
What is electronegativity? | The tendency of an atom to pull electron density toward itself in a covalent bond. |
What is an isomer? | Same chemical formula but different structure. |
What are intermolecular forces? | With other molecules. Dipole dipole force. Hydrogen bond is the strongest special type of dipole-dipole force. Dispersion force is the weakest between non-polar molecules. |
What are intramolecular forces? | Covalent bonds. |
What is polarizibility? | The ease with which the electron distribution in an atom or molecule can be distorted. |
What is a solute? | what gets dissolved |
What is a solvent? | what the solute is dissolved in (greater quantity in the solution) |
What is complete combustion? | Something is burned with C, H, and O. Results in the products of CO2 and H20. |
methane | CH4 |
butane | C4H10 |
octane | C8H18 |
What is a formation reaction? | Reaction that forms a compound from its elements in their standard state. (phase at room temperature) |
What are the diatomic elements? | Cl2, O2, N2, Br2, H2, I2 |
What is percent yield? | actual/theoretical ×100 |
heat is... | proportional to change in temperature (q) |
What is heat capacity? | The amount of heat needed to raise a material or system by one degree. |
What is specific heat? | The amount of heat needed to raise one gram of material by one degree celsius. |
formula for heat | q = specific heat * mass * change in temperature |
What does an endothermic reaction do? | It consumes heat or uses heat. |
What does an exothermic reaction do? | It gives off heat. |
What is enthalpy? | The heat flow in or out of a system. (Triangle H) |
Enthalpy less than 0 = | exothermic reaction |
Enthalpy greater than 0 = | endothermic reaction |
What is concentration? | the amount of solute per volume of solution |
Equation of molarity | number moles of solute/ L of solution |
Boyle's Law | P and V are inversely proportional PV = k |
Charles' Law | T and V are directly related T=kV |
Gay-Lusaac's Law | T and P are directly related T=kP |
Avagadro's Law | V and n are directly related V=kn |
Describe acids.. | pH < 7; produce H+ in H20; donate H+ |
Describe bases.. | pH > 7; produce OH-; accepts H+ |