Question | Answer |
How is hybridization determined? | Number of groups bonded to the Carbon; 4-sp3,3-sp2, 2-sp |
What is the pKa of H-Cl | -7 |
What are Lewis acids and bases? | Lewis bases donate electrons, Lewis acids accept electrons |
How is the pKa related to the strength of the acid? | The smaller the number the stronger the acid. |
What is the pKa of CH3COO-H? | 4.8 |
What is the pKa of HO-H? | 15.7 |
What is the pKa of CH3CH2O-H? | 16 |
What is the pKa of an ethyne? | 25 (triple carbon bond) |
What is the pKa of H2 bond? | 35 |
What is the pKa of H2N-H? | 38 |
What is the pka of ethene? | 44 |
What is the pka of methane? | 50 |
What does pKa favor? | the weaker acid, larger pKa |
How does the periodic table effect acid strength? | It increases further to the right and down the table. |
Name two things that increases the acidity of a molecule. | Electron-withdrawing groups in A, and resonance structures of A- |
How does hybridization effect acidity? | the more hybrid the less acidic; sp3<sp2<sp |
What is a electrophile? | electron acceptor, Lewis acid |
What is a nucelophile? | electron donor, Lewis base, can be a pi bond |
What is a triple bond functional group called? | Alkyne |
What is an alkyl halide? | R-X (X=F,Cl,Br,I) |
What is an Ether? | R-O-R |
What is an Amine? | R-NH2 |
What is a Thiol? | R-SH |
What is a Sulfide? | R-S-R |
What is a carbonyl group? | a carbon double bonded to an oxygen |
What is an aldehyde? | a carbonyl bonded to an R group and a Hydrogen |
What is a Ketone? | a carbonyl bonded to two R groups |
What is a Carboxylic acid? | a carbonyl bonded to an R group and a hydroxide group |
What is an Ester? | A carbonyl bonded to an R group and a OR group |
What is an Amide? | A carbonyl bonded to an R group and a NH2 or NHR or NR2 |
What is an Acid Chloride? | A carbonyl bonded to an R group and a chlorine atom |
What is a an enantiomer? | A mirror image of a chiral molecule. |
What is a diastereometer? | A nonmirror image of a chiral molecule. |
What is a meso compound? | An achiral compound that has a plane of symmetry |
What is a homolysis reaction? | A reaction with a radical intermediate |
What is a heterolysis reaction? | a reaction with an ionic intermediate |
What subsutbituion reaction causes inversion? | SN2 |
What type of substrate increases the speed of a SN2 reaction? | methyl>1 degree> 2nd degree> 3rd degree |
What is the difference between a SN1 and a SN2 reaction? | SN1 has a ionic intermediate and SN2 is an attack |
What is the leaving ability of Cl, I, Br, F? | F>Cl>Br>I |
What is the pKa of R-Cl? | -7 |
What is the pKa of R-Br | -9 |
What is the pKa of R-I | -10 |
What is the pKa of R-OH2+ | -4.7 |
What is the Zaitsev Rule? | The major product in a beta elimination has a more substituted double bond. |
What are the rules for E2 elimination reactions ? | 3rd dg halides always go E2, never SN2, 2nd dg halides require a bulky base to prevent SN2, 3rd dg halides with a slim base gives the Zaitsev product, 3rd dg halides w/ a bulky base gives the anit-zaisev product for steric reasions |
Name three common bulky bases | diisopropylamine, t-butoxide, dimethylpyridine |
What is Markovnikov's rule? | the addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, the H atom adds to the less substituted carbon atom |