Question | Answer |
net ionic equation | only the ions that react |
spectator ions | (precipitation/ acid-base) the ions that don't change during the reaction |
base | OH- |
acid | H3O+ or H+ |
strong acids (6) | HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, H2SO4 |
strong acids (definition) | dissociate 100% |
strong bases (definition) | dissociate 100% |
weak acids | all acids that aren't strong-> don't associate much at all |
weak bases | all bases that aren't strong-> don't associate much at all |
precipitation rxns w/ weak bases | the weak base doesn't dissociate (only 1 overall spectator ion) |
redox reaction | electrons move from one reactant to another |
oxidation | loss of electrons |
reduction | gain of electrons (charge becomes more negative) |
oxidizing agent | gets reduced (does the oxidizing) |
reducing agent | gets oxidized (does the reducing) |
ON of elemental forms | 0 |
ON of monoatomic ion | its charge |
sum of ON values= | charge on the species |
ON of 1A & 2A elements | +1 and +2 (respectively) |
ON of H + nonmetal | +1 |
ON of H+ metal | -1 |
ON of F | -1 |
ON of O (in peroxides) | -1 |
ON of O (all but peroxides) | -2 *except F |
three things to put in a moles table | initial, reacting, final |
limiting reactant | completely consumed; runs out first |
excess reactant | in excess cf. the other reactant(s) |
a ____ table works the same way as a moles table | pressure |
ΔE= | q+w (heat + work) |
Conservation of Energy | total energy in the universe is constant |
W= | -PΔV(gas) |
enthalpy | the change in heat in a rxn; excluding work |
exothermic | -ΔH, heat released |
endothermic | +ΔH, heat absorbed |
Hess's law | the enthalpy change of an overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes of the individual steps |
standard heats of reaction (ΔH°)- 3 | 1 atm (gases)
1 M (aq)
most stable form & @ 298K/1atm (other) |
standard heats of formation (ΔH°f) | ΔH associated w/ 1 mole of a compound formed from its elements in standard states |
ΔH°f calculation | ΔH(products)-ΔH(reactants)=ΔH(overall) |
ON of 7A elements | -1 (w/ metals, nonmetals (except O), and other (lower) Halogens) |