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Statistics Ch. 1
Chapter 1 Notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The science of planning studies and experiments, obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, presenting, analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the data. | Statistics |
| The complete collection of all individuals(scores, people, measurements, and so on) to be studied; the collection is complete in the sense that it includes all of the individuals to be studied. | Population |
| Collections of observations (such as measuremens, genders, and survey responses) | Data |
| Collection of data from every member of a population. | Census |
| Subcollection of members selected from a population. | Sample |
| Contect of the Data, Source of the Data, Sampling method, Conclusions, and Practical Implications. | Key Factors in Analyzing Data |
| Results are easily occuring by chance | No statistically significant |
| Likelihood of getting results are small | Statistically Signigicant |
| A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. | Parameter |
| A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. | Statistic |
| Data consisting numbers representing counts of measurements. | Quantitative (or numerical) Data |
| Data consisting of names or labels (representing catagories). | Catagorical (or qualitative, attribute) Data |
| Data results when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a 'countable' number. | Discrete Data |
| Data results from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps. | Continuous Data |
| A Measurement characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or catagories only, and the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high). | Nominal Level of Measurement |
| Measurement involving data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaniningless. | Ordinal Level of Measurement |
| Measurement like the ordinal level, with the additional property that the difference between any two data values is meaningful, however, there is no natural zero starting point (where none of the quanitity is present) | Interval Level of Measurement |
| The interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present); for values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful. | Ratio Level of Measurement |
| Voluntary response samples are ___ _______ | Bad Samples |
| When variables are linked | Correlation |
| When variables are linked and one causes tht other | Causality |
| Conclusions should not be based on samples that are too _____ | Small (Samples) |
| Questions that are intentionally worded to elicit an desired response. | Loaded Questions |
| Somestimes questions can be unintentionally loaded when placed in a certain _____ | Order (of Questions) |
| When someone refuses to respong to a survey or is unavailable. | Nonresponse |
| This can dramatically affect results as when a subject drops out of a study. | Missing Data |
| A study done by an entity that can gain from the results. | Self-Interest Study |
| Observing and measuring without attempting to modify subjects in a study. | Observational Study |
| When a treatment is applied to subjects in a study. | Experiment |
| All individuals in a population have the same chance or being selected. | Random Sample |
| All the groups of individual members have equal chance of being selected. | Simple Random Sample |
| Selected every Nth element in a population. (Manufacture) | Systematic Sampling |
| Using results that are easy to get. | Covenience Sampling |
| Subdividing into different subgroups that share characteristics, then drawing a sample from each subgroup (stratum. | Stratified Sampling |
| Dividing the population into sections, then randomly selecting some of those section, choosing all the members in those selected sections (clusters)/ | Cluster Sampling |
| Using a combination of different sampling methods. | Multistage Sampling |
| When Data are observed, measured and collected at one point in time. | Cross-sectional Study |
| Date are collected from the past. | Retrospective Study |
| Data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohorts). | Prospective Study |
| When Subjects are assigned randomly into different groups. | Randomization |
| Repeating an experiment on more than one subject with large samples. | Replication |
| When the subject doesnt know if they are recieving the treatment or placebo. | Blinding |
| When subject and experimenter do not know whether the subject recieves the treatment or placebo. | Double Blinding |
| When the experimenter cannot extenguish between the effects of different factors. | Confounding |
Created by:
hindssm