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Peds U5
Developmental Influences
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An increase in competence, adaptability & aging usually used to describe a qualitative chage; a change in the complexity of a structure that makes it possible for that structure to begin functioning; to function at a higher level | matuation |
| A gradual growth & expansion involving a change from lower to more advanced stages of complexity | development |
| An increase in number & size of cells as they divide & synthesize new proteins; results in increased size & weight of the whole or any of its parts | growth |
| A biologic description of the processes by which early cells & structures are modified & altered to achieve specific, characteristic physical & chemical properties | differentiation |
| Growth can be viewed as a _____ chage & development as a _____ chage. | Quantitative; qualitative |
| Human growth & development has _____ patterns characterized by _____, _______, & _______ changes | predictable, continuous, orderly, progressive |
| Prenatal period | conception - birth |
| Neonatal period | birth - 28 days |
| Infancy | 1 - 12 months |
| Toddler period | 1 - 3 years |
| Preschool period | 3 - 6 years |
| Middle childhood or school age | 6 - 12 years |
| Prepubertal period | 10 - 13 years |
| Adolescence | 13 - 18 years |
| Define & describe cephalocaudal development | head end of organism develps first & is very large & complex, whereas the lower end is small & simple & takes shape at a later period. The physical evidence of this trend is most apparent during the period before birth, but it also applies to postnatal be |
| Define & describe proximodistal development | Development is near-far/midline-peripheral. A conspicuous illustration is the early embryonic development of limb buds, which is followed by rudimentary fingers & toes. In the infant, shoulder control precedes mastery of the hands, the whole hand is used |
| Generalized development precedes specific or specialized development. _____ movements take place before ______ muscle control | gross, fine |
| T/F: In growth & development there is definite, predictable sequence, with each child normally passing through every stage | True |
| T/F: Growth & development progress at the same pace & rate in all humans | False, growth & development progress at different rates |
| T/F: The last 3 months of prenatal life are the most sensitive periods for physical growth of the fetus | False, it is the first 3 months |
| Which part of the body predominates prenatal period? | Head |
| Which part of the body predominates infancy period? | Trunk |
| Which part of the body predominates early & middle childhood? | Legs |
| Which part of the body predominates adolescence? | Trunk elongates |
| Double the child's height at age ____ years to estimate how tall he or she will be as an adult. | 2 |
| The birth weight doubles by ___ to ____ months of age, and by the end of the 1st year it ______. By age 2-2.5 years the birth weight usually ______. | 4, 7, triples, quadruples |
| The 1st centers of ossification appear in the ___ month old embryo, and at birth the number is approximately _____, about half the number at maturity. | 2; 400 |
| List 3 factors that influence skeletal muscle injury rates & types in children & adolescents | improper or inadequate use of protective sports equipment for children, inadequate conditioning espcially in flexibility; rapid growth of the physeal zone of hypertrophy in adolescents may lead to a higher incidence of fractures than of ligamentous ruptur |
| Describe the process of development of lymphoid tissues in humans | tissues are small in relation to body size but well developed at birth. they increase rapidly to reach adult dimensions by 6yrs & continue to grow. At about 10-12 yrs they reach a maximum development that is approximately twice thier adult size. this is f |
| What determines the caloric requirements of children? | The rate of metabolism |
| The basal caloric requirements for infants is about ___ kcal/kg of body wt & decreases to somewhere between ____ & _____ kcal/kg at maturity. | 108; 40; 45 |
| In the healthy neonate, what 3 negative metabolic consequences can occur as a result of hypothermia? | hypoglycemia, elevated bilirubin levels, metabolic acidosis |
| The length of a sleep cycle increases from approximately 50-60 mins in the newborn infant to approximately ____ mins in adolescence. | 90 |
| Highly active, irritable & irregular in habits such as feeding & sleep; adapts slowly to routines, people & new situations | The difficult child |
| Reacts negatively & mildly intensely to a new stimuli & situations; is inactive & moody but shows only moderate irregularity in functions | The slow to warm up child |
| Even-tempered, regular & predictable in habits; has a positive approach to new stimuli & situations; is open & adaptable to change | The easy child |
| Children who display the difficult or slow-to-warm-up patterns of development are more vulnerable to the development of _____ ______ in early & middle childhood. | behavior problems |
| Oral stage | birth - 1yr |
| Anal stage | 1 - 3yr |
| Phallic stage | 3 - 6yr |
| Latency period | 6 - 12yr |
| Genital stage | 12 - 18yr |
| Birth to 1yr | trust vs. mistrust |
| 1-3yrs | automony vs. shame & doubt |
| 3-6yrs | initiative vs. guilt |
| 6-12 yrs | industry vs. inferiority |
| 12-18 yrs | identity vs. role confusion |
| predominant characteristic is egocentrism | preoperational stage(2-7yr) |
| Thought is adaptable & flexible | formal operations(11-15yr) |
| Child progresses from reflex activity to imitative behavior; problem solving is trial & error | sensorimotor stage(birth-2yr) |
| Thought becomes increasingly logical & coherent; conversation is developed; problems are solved in a concrete, systematic fashion | concrete operations(7-11yr) |
| Child displays a high level of curiosity, experimentation & enjoyment of novelty & begins to develop a sense of self as he/she is able to differentiate the self from the environment | sensorimotor stage(birth-2yr |
| Child can thing in abstract terms, use abstract symbols & draw logical conclusions from a set of operations | formal operations(11-15yr) |
| Child can now consider POV other than his/her own; socialized thinking occurs | concrete operations(7-11yr) |
| Child is unable to see things from any perspective othe than his/her own; thinking is concrete. | preoperational stage(2-7yr) |
| The rate of speech development varies from child to child & is directly r/t ____ & _____ ______. | neurologic competence, congnitive development |
| At all stages of language development, a child's ______ vocabulary is greater than his/her _______ vocabulary. | comprehension, expressed |
| Describe preconventional morality | children comform to rules imposed by authority figures & are culturally oriented to the labels of good-bad & right-wrong. |
| Describe conventional level of morality | Children endeavor to define moral values & principles that are agreed on by the entire society. Emphasis is on the possibilty for chanign law in terms of societal needs. |
| Describe post-conventional , autonomous or principaled level of morality | Children are concerned w/ conformity & loyalty & actively maintaining, supporting & justifying the social order. |
| Describe Stage 0: Undifferentiated development of faith | This stage of development encompasses the period of infancy during which children have no concept of right/wrong, no beliefs, & no convictions to guide thier behavior. However, the beginnings of a faith are established w/ the development of basic trust th |
| Describe Stage 1: Intuitive-projective development of faith | Toddlerhood is primarily a time of imitating the behavior of others. children imitate the religious gestures & behaviors of others w/o comprehending any meaning of significance ti the activities. parental attitudes toward moral codes & religious beliefs c |
| Describe Stage 2: Mythical-literal development of faith | Through the school-age years, spirtual development parallels cognitive development and is closely r/t children's experiences & social interactions. Most have a strong interest in religion during the school-age years. they accept the existence of a deity, |
| Describe Stage 3: Synthetic-convention development of faith | As children approach adolescence, however, they become increasingly aware of spirtual disappointments. They recognize that prayers are not always answered & may begin to abandon or modify some religious practices. They begin to reason, to question some of |
| Describe Stage 4: Individuating-reflexive development of faith | Adolescents become more skeptical & begin to compare the religious standards of their parents with those of others. they attempt to determine which to adopt & incorporate into thier own set of values. They also begin to compare religous standards w/ the s |
| Self-concept includes all the ____ _____ & _____ that constitute an individual's self knowledge & that influence that individual's relationships with others. | notions, beliefs, convictions |
| A vital component of self concept is the subjective concepts & attitudes that individuals have toward their own bodies: this is termed ____ _____. | body image |
| ____ ____ is the value that an individual places on himself/herself & refers to an overall evaluation of oneself. | self-esteem |
| Child watches what other children are doing but makes no attempt to enter into the play activity. An example is watching an older sibling color a picture. | onlooker play |
| Child plays alone & independently with toys different from those of other children within the same area. the child's interest is centered on his/her own activity. | solitary play |
| Child plays independently among other children with toys that are like those that the children around him/her are using, neither influencing nor being influenced by them. Ther is no group association. | parallel play |
| Child plays with other children, engaging in a similiar or identical activity in which there is no organization, division of labor, or mutual goal. An example is two children playing with dolls. | associative play |
| Child plays in a group with other children with discussion & planning of activities for accomplishing an end. | cooperative play |
| List the 7 functions that play serves to develop throughout childhood. | sensorimotor development, intellectual development, creativity, socialization, self-awareness, therapeutic value, moral value |
| The US Consumer Product Safety Commission provides what service to parents & health care workers? | provides info on a viriety of recalled products & reports on potentially dangerous toys & child products |
| What 7 factors influence human growth? | heredity, neuroendocrine factors, nutrition, interpersonal relationships, socioeconomic level, disease, environmental hazards |
| ______ is the single most important influence on growth. | nutrition |
| The ______ ______ is unquestionably the single most influential person during early infancy. | mothering person |
| The most prominent features of emotional deprivation, particualry during the first year, are _____ ______. | developmental delays |
| According to textbook, how do Masten & others define stress? | an imbalance between environmental demands & a person's coping resources that disrupts the equilibrium of the person |
| Identify 4 ways parents & health care workers can assist children in stressful situations. | listening, physical contact, spending unhurried time with them, supportive interpersonal relationships |
| How do coping strategies differ from coping syles? | coping strategies are the specific ways in which children cope w/ stressors, whereas coping styles are relatively unchanging personality characteristics or outcomes of coping. |
| Name 3 strategies children use to reduce stress. | withdrawal, physical activity, reading, listening to music, working on a project, taking a nap, turning toward parents, socially unacceptable ways such as cheating/stealing. |
| Today children tend to select _____ & ____ ____ as their ideal role models, whereas in the past the majority of children chose their parents or parent surrogates as the people they most wanted to be like. | media, sports figures |
| ______ has become one of the most significant socializing agents in the lives of young children. | television |
| Researchers have found that the incidence ____ ____ increased in direct proportion to the amount of hours of TV watched by children in US; as the number of hours TV viewing increased, children were less likely to participate in _____. | body fat, vigorous physical activity |
| List 5 important ideas to teach children & adolescents about TV. | you are smarter than what you see on TV, TV is not real, TV teaches that some people are more important than others, TV keeps doing the same things over & over again, Somebody is always trying to make money w/ TV |
| ____ ____ allow the player to be the aggressor, making an ideal environment for a child to learn violent behavior. | video games |
| ALthough computers have increased the interactive learning of children, there are dangers. Nurses should encourage parents to be ______ about their children's Internet activities in order to ensure their safety. | knowledgeable |
| Is nonthreatening, requires no painful or unfamilar procedures, & capitalizes on the child's natural activity of play. | Denver II |
| Parent-answered screening tool. | Denver II Prescreening Developmental Questionaire |
Created by:
L.moore