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PPR Vocabulary
The list from our Texes Prep sessions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| accomodation | Piaget's term for changing or increasing one's schemata from one cognitive level to the next |
| accountabliity | holding schools responsible for what students learn |
| acculturation | process of adapting to a new or different culture |
| achievement | the amount a student has learned in a given area. Achievement tests measure achievement |
| active listening | when the listener provides feedback to the speaker on the message heard and the emotion conveyed, thus opening the door to further communication |
| advanced organizers | a framework for understanding the material to be taught, which is introduced prior to the lesson |
| affective domain | attitudinal and emotional areas of learning, such as values and feelings |
| affective objectives | learning physical and perceptional ability (health and exercise) |
| aptitude test | measures natural ability; predicts subsequent performance |
| assertive discipline | classroom management approach based on establishing clear limits and expectations, insisting on acceptable student behavior and delivering appropriate consequences when rules are broken |
| assimilation | process of changing one's own culture to the dominant cultural norms |
| at risk students | a term used to refer to chldren who are not currently identified as handicapped or disabled but who are conisdered to have greater than usual chance of development |
| behavior disorder | problem when behavior deviates so much from appropriate behaviors for the child's age group that it significantly interferes with child growth and development |
| behavior objective | precise statement of what the learner must do to demonstrate mastery at the end of a prescribed learning task |
| bottom-up processing | starting with skills and moving to whole knowlede, starting with parts and working toward the whole. An example is learning sounds, then words, then sentences, etc. |
| Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education | supreme court declared school segregation to be illegal. Schools are required to reach a racial balance among their student population |
| bilingual education | an educational program which uses more than one language as a medium of instructions. children are usually taught academic concepts in the native language first, while they are learning to speak English |
| brainstorming | a process of rapidly developing creative ideas without immediate evaluation |
| Bruner, Jerome | responsible for the discovery of learning |
| chapter 1 - Educational Improve Act. | federal funds aimed at offering educational support for minority, low income, and underachieving students |
| classical conditioning | type of learning, first identified by Pavlov, in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an emotional or physiological response. After a period of time, the neutral stimulus alone will elicit a similar response |
| classroom management | the teacher's responsibility to maintain a healthy learning environment, with few behavioral problems. |
| code of ethics | formal statement of appropriate professional behaviors. |
| cognitive development | the gradual development of greater mental processes and thinking |
| cognitive domain | in Bloom's Taxonomy, memory and reasoning objectives. The area of learning that involves the acquisition and utilization of knowledge |
| cognitive styles | different ways in which people perceive, reason and learn new information |
| compensatory education | educ. support to provide a more = opportunity for disadvantaged students to attain an educ. through activities as remedial instruction, special activities or early learning. (available for low income families) |
| competency based teacher education | the general process by which the state provides a credential to an individual. Requires individuals to demo a mastery of competencies through a comprehensive written exam |
| conservation | the Piagetian term for knowledge that certain physical attributes of an object, such as their mass and weight, doesn't vary when the object changes shape. |
| convergent thinker | seeking a single correct answer to a problem or task. This is the common type of thinking that results in a conventional answer. |
| cooperative learning | an instructional approach in which students work together in groups to achieve learning goals |
| core curriculum | a common course of study for all students, often called for by essentialism reforms in the 1980's |
| criterion referenced grading/test | testing which scores are compared to a set performance standard(s) |
| critical thinking | one's ability to analyze situations carefully |
| cultural pluralism | a way of describing a society made up of many different cultural groups coming together to form a unified whole, which still retains characteristics of each cultural group |
| curriculum | all educational experiences under supervision of the school |
| decentralization | a process whereby a higher central source of responsibility and authority assigns certain responsibility and authority to a subordiate position. Example: Site based management. |
| de facto segregation | the segregation of students resulting from circumstances such as housing patterns rather than from school policy or law |
| deduction | a type of reasoning from the general to the particular reasoning in which the conclusion follows from the premise stated. |
| de jure segregation | the segregation of students on the basis of law, school policy, or a practice designed to accomplish such separation |
| diagnostic test | 1) individually administered standardized test used to identify specific learning problems 2) ungraded, nonstandard formative test given at a midpoint in instruction to determine student's areas of achievement and weakness |
| discovery learning | Bruner's approach to teaching in which students are exposed to specific examples and use these to discover general principles and relationships. contrasts with expository teaching. |
| disequilibriation | cognitive conflict producing confusion impelling one to see equilibrium; when learning takes place |
| divergent thinker | an open ended type of thinking that extends in different directions and considers multiple answers to a question |
| due process | the procedural requirement that must be followed to safeguard individuals from arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable policies, practices or actions. |
| equilibration | a comfortable balance with the environment and one's schemata; achieved through changing one's thinking |
| Erik Erickson | emphasized that personality development is not completed by the time puberty is reached. determined by individual's evolving "self" with social demands placed on him/her |
| Ethics | a branch of philosophy that examines the right and wrong of human conduct. Can also refer to a particular moral code or system |
| ethnic group | a group that is socially defined on the basis of its cultural characteristics, Members consider themselves to be part of a distinct culture or subcuture |
| extinction | the gradual disappearance of a learned response in operant conditioning, this occurs when reinforcement is withheld. Classical conditioning:extincion will result when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly w/o paired with unconditioned stimulus |
| extrinsic motivation | motivaation created by external events or rewrds outside the learning situation itself |
| feedback | response given by teachers to convey to students their progress or how they are doing on a specific activity |
| field independent learners | students who are not as dependent on the teacher, other students and the learning environment |
| fixed interval schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which a predetermined interval must occur between each reinforced response, regardless of the bumber or responses the subject makes |
| fixed ratio schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which a predetermined fixed number of responses must occur in between each reinforced response |
| formative evaluation | assessing the students' performance while the instructor or lesson is still in progress ex: midterm exams to determine how they are doing so far, if they need remedial help, or if the instructor should reevaluate their approach |
| generalization | in classical and operant conditioning, the proces by which a response conditioned to one stimulus spreads to similar stimuli. The more similar the stimulus,the greater the chance for generalization |
| William Glasser | a different conceptualization of human needs and behavior based on control thwory |
| grade equivalent score | the measure of grade level based on comparison with average scores from each grade. If your score on a test equals the average score for students who are halfway through the 11th grade, then your grade equiv. score would be 11.5 (often misinterpreted) |
| head start | a federal funded compensatory education program in existence since the mid 1960's that provides additional educational services to young children suffering the effects of poverty |
| heuristics | general strategy used in attempting to solve problems |
| hidden curriculum | values and beliefs that educators teach children not conisdered part of the school's stated curriculum |
| homogenous grouping | the classification of pupils with common abilities for the purpose of forming an instructional group with a relatively high degree of simililarity in regard to certain facts that affect learning. opposite of heterogeneous grouping. |
| House Bill 72 | allotment per students based on avg attendance. student teacher ratio of 22.1 through 4th. 10 step min $ scale. merit pay, 4 step career ladder, based in certification, years of exper. and professional effectiveness |
| IDEIA | Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act |
| I-Message | a clear nonaccustory statement describing how something affects you practically and emotionally. Gordon recommends that teachers send "I" messages to students in order to change problem behaviors. The approach frees students to change their own behavior. |
| IEP- Individual Education Program | an annually revised program written for the student by the teacher, parents, and a qualified school official This program should set forth goals services and teaching strategies for that student. IEPS were mandated for all handicapped children. |
| Inductive reasoning | a type of reasing from the particular to the general; reasoning in which one can make a general conclusion based on facts |
| integration | the process of mixing students of different races in schools overcoming segregation |
| intrinsic motivation | an internal source of motivation such as curiosity or the desire to learn; motivation associated with activities that are their own reward |
| Kohlberg | gave moral dilemmas which competing courses of action were poss and asked them to indicate what an actor should do and why stage sequence of moral dev;extends Piaget's theory by providing a more complete desc. of changes in moral reasoning from kids2adult |
| Lau v. Nichols | 1974 Supreme Court case; all non and limited English speaking students are entitled to appropriated language instruction for = education opp. Considered landmark legislation for bilingual educ. in the USA |
| learning center | a specific area in the classroom where students can work at their own ability levels and where materials and activities may be used to develop knowledge in a given subject area |
| learning disability | disorder in basic psychological processing that affects individual's ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or math. Learning disability is not primaily the result of visual, hearing motor, mental retardation, E.D. or $ disadvantages |
| least restrictive environment | the program best suited to meed a handicapped child's special needs while remaining as close as possible to the regular educational program |
| mainstreaming | a plan by which exceptional children receive special education in the regular classroom as much of the time as possible |
| Abraham Maslow | created model of human development; identifies ascending hierarchy of human needs, beginning with basic biological needs sand progressing to highest order need for self actualization |
| Mastery Instruction/learning | an approach in which the form of instruction and the time available for learning are based on the individual needs of the student. Instructional objectives are defined and taught directly. Immediate feedback provided to student. |
| Mean | Average |
| median | centermost score |
| mental retardation | Texas has defined mental retardation as being in evidence if the child has measured IQ below 70 |
| metacognition | knowledge about monitoring our own cognitive process such as thinking, learning, and remembering. You use metacognition abilities to recognize when one strategy is not working and a new approach is required. |
| mode | score that occurs most often |
| Morrill Act | fed. legislation passed in 1862 that granted each state federal land to establish colleges for the study of agriculture and mechanical arts. A second passed in 1890 provided similar fed support to create separate but equal colleges for African Amer. |
| multicultural education | an approach to education that recognizes cultural diversity and fosters cultural enrichment of all children and youth |
| nation at risk | 1983 National Commission report calling for extensive educational reforms, including more academic course requirements, more stringent college entrance requirements, upgraded and updated textbooks, and longer school days and years |
| Norm Referenced Tests | compare a student's test performance to the performance of other students in the class. "Grading on a curve" adjusts a student's score on the basis of class performance |
| normal curve | based on the bell curve. the mean, median, and mode would be the same. |
| Northwest Ordinance | law that advocated some sort of elementary education should be provided free, at public expense and under public control, for everyone who could not afford or did not want private schooling |
| operant conditioning | type of learning which provides voluntary behaviors are strengthened or weakened depending upon their consequence of antecedents |
| Jean Piaget | created a theory or mental cognitive development --became very interested in how children learn |
| programmed instruction | a set of instructional materials that students can use to teach themselves about a particular topic. The instructional approach features self-pacing, immediate feedback, and division of materials into small units (frames) |
| progressivism | a form of educational philosphy that sees nature as ever-changing. Because the world is always changing and new situation requires solutions to problems; learners must develop as problem solvers |
| Public Law 94-142 | the education of all handicapped children act, passed in 1975, gurantees all handicapped children an education at public expense. It deemed that these children should be segregated from the regular school population as little as possible |
| punishment | any outcome following and organism's spontaneously emitted behavior that decreases the probability that the behavior will be repeated. |
| reinforcement | presentation of a stimulus or event after a behavior has been emitted and has the effect of increasing the occurrence of that behavior in the future |
| reliability | to the extent to which the test results can be reproduced. A student taking an exam twice should score about the same on both versions of the test. If this doesn't occur, then variables other than the test items are influencing the achieved score |
| remediation | an educational program designed to teach a person to overcome a handicap through training and education |
| schemata | in cognitive learning, large, basic units for organizing information. Schematas serve as guides describing what to expect in a given situation, how elements should fit together, and so on. A schema is like a model or stereotype. |
| school board | the policy making body of the school district is the local school board of education, which represents the citizens of the district: hiring, determines policies, and evaluating results of the program and performance personnel |
| self fulfilling prophecy | a phenomenon in which believing or predicting that something will occur causes it to happen; also the expectation itself (Pygmalion Effect) |
| shaping | a behavior management method for developing an appropriate behavior in which the teacher rewards responses that are successfully more similar to the ultimate desired response. >>must break down desired behavior into small steps |
| B.F. Skinner | Views classroom management as the process of modifying student behavior. The teacher's role is to foster desirable behavior and to eliminate undesirebale behavior. Removing rewards for punishing inappropriate student behavior. |
| Smith Hughes Act | 1917 the federal government passed the first act providing financial aid to public schools below the college level: This act provided for high school vocational programs in agriculture, trades, industry, and homemaking. |
| SES- Socioeconomic Status | a sociological term used to describe variations in wealth, power, background, and prestige of individuals in society; relative standing in society based on thesee factors |
| socratic method | a way of teaching that centers on the use of quesitons by the teacher to lead students to certain conclusions |
| spiral curriculum | process of building on a student's previous knowledge to introduce new and broader concepts that are related |
| standard deviation | a measure of how scores are spread around the mean |
| standardized test | systematic sample of performance obtained under prescribed conditions, scored according to definite rules, and capable of evaluation by reference to normative information |
| stanine | whole number scores from 1-9, each representing a wide range of raw scores. Stanine scores combine some of the properties of percentile ranks with some of the properties of standard scores |
| student centered or learner centered | instruction which considers the ability and needs of the student in the planning process |
| summative evaluation | evaluation which occurs at the end of a unit or course |
| summative evaluation | evluation which occurs at the end of a unit or course |
| time on task | amount of time actually spent on given learning task |
| time out | a common practice of isolating a student who is behaving inappropriately or unacceptably for a specific period of time. Usually one minute for each year old the child is would be considered the right amount of time. |
| tracking | the process of monitoring a student's achievement oer a period of time, usually years. This information is often used for placement and instructional purposes. |
| transfer | occurs when a student connects the new knowledge being presented to familiar concepts |
| values centered curriculum | the teaching of values and the process of clarifying and processing one's own values. |
Created by:
LauraHarris