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typical cell
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structure of the cell
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Chp3-Anatomy of Cell
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| typical cell | -called composite cell -varies in size, all microscopic -varies in structure and function -smallest living unit in body |
| structure of the cell | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| plasma membrane | separates the cell from its surrounding environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| cytoplasm | thick gel-like substance inside the cell composed of numerous organelles suspended in watery cytosol, each organelle performs certain functions |
| nucleus | large membranous structure near center of cell |
| fluid mosaic model | -theory explaining how cell membranes are constructed -membranes are arranged in a sheet -groupings of membrane molecules form rafts |
| primary structure of a cell membrane is: | -double layer of phospholipid molecules -heads are hydrophillic (water loving) -tails are hydrophobic -cholesterol is scattered among bilayer |
| membrane proteins | controls what moves through membrane, some serve as a passage for Na+ ions or glucose and called transport proteins, |
| glycoprotein | carbohydrate attached to protein on a membrane, act as an identification marker |
| cytoplasm | gel-like substance of cels that include many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol |
| membranous organelles | specialized sacs or canals made of cell membranes |
| nonmembranous organelles | made of microscopic filaments or other nonmembranous material |
| endoplasmic reticulum | made of canals with membranous walls and flat curving sacs arranged in parallel rows throughout cytoplasm, extend from plasma membrane to nucleus -proteins move through canals (protein transport) |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | -contains ribosomes -function in protein synthesis and intracellular transportation |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | -no ribosomes -synthesizes certain lipids and carbohydrates and creates membranes for use throughout cell -removes and stores Ca++ from cell's interior |
| ribosomes | -function: synthesizes proteins -nonmembranous structure made of large subunit and small subunit, each subunit contains rRNA -ribosomes in the ER make proteins for export to be emedded in the plasma membrane -free ribosomes make protein for the cell us |
| golgi apparatus | -processes protein molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum -processed proteins leave in a vesicle to be secreted to outside of cell |
| lysosomes | -made of membranous sacs that have pinched off from golgi apparatus -cell's digestive system --> enzymes digest defective cell parts, plasma membrane proteins, and particles that are trapped in cell |
| proteasomes | -hollow protein cylinders found in cytoplasm -break down abnormal proteins and normal proteins no longer needed by cell |
| peroxisomes | -small membranous sacs containing enzymes tat detoxify harmful substances that enter cell -often seen in kidney and liver cells |
| mitochondria | -microscopic sacs -the power plant of cells, enzymes catalyze series of oxidation reactions that provide 95% of cell's energy -had DNA --> produce own enzyme and copy itself |
| nucleus structure | spherical body in center of cell, enclosed by an envelope with many pores, nucleoplasm inside |
| nucleus function | -contains DNA -->chromatin threads in nondividing cells, chromosomes in early stages of cell division -DNA determines both structure and function of cell and heredity |
| cytockeleton | cells framework made up of rigid rodlike pieces that provide support and allow movement and mechanisms that can move the cell or its parts |
| types of cell fibers | microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
| microfilaments | -smallest cell fiber -cellular muscles -thin twisted strands of protein molecules that lie parallel to axis of cell -cause shortening of the cell |
| intermediate filaments | -twisted protein strands slightly thicker than microfilaments -supporting framework in many types of cells |
| microtubules | -hollow tubes -thickest cell fibers -move things within cell |
| centrosome | -coordinates building and breaking of microtubules in cell -important role in cell division |
| cell extensions | cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny fingerlike processes |
| list 3 types of cell extensions | microvilli, cilia, flagella |
| microvilli | -found in epithelial cells that line intestines -increase surface area manyfolds |
| cilia | -found in respiratory system -shorter and more numerous than flagella -made of microtubules |
| flagella | -only found in human sperm -longer than cilia |
| 3 types of direct cell connections | -desmosome (spot and belt) -gap junction -tight junction |
| desmosome | -fibers on outer surface of each desmosome interlock with each other, anchored internally by intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton -spot = spot welds at various points -belt = encircle the entire cell like a collar |
| gap junctions | -membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other -form gaps or tunnels that join the cytoplasm of two cells -fuse two plasma membranes into a single structure -cytoplasm is joined |
| tight junction | -occurs in cells that are joined by collars or tightly fused material -molecules cannot permeate the craks of tight junctions -occur in the lining of the intestines |
Created by:
BretteM