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Chapter 17-endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Four principal mechanisms of communication between cells: | Gap junctions, Neurotransmitters, Paracrine hormones, Hormones |
| pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients and eelectrolytes to move from cell to cell | gap junctions |
| released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell | neurtransmitters |
| secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells | paracrine hormones |
| chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs | hormones |
| glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones (name the system) | endocrine system |
| the study of this system and the disgnosis and treatment of its disorders | endocrinology |
| organs that are traditional sources of hormones | endocrine glands |
| chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physioloigcal responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away | hormones |
| -have ducts that carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of degstive tract: "external secretions" -extracelluar effects (food digestion) | exocrine glands |
| -no ducts -contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream -"internal secretions" -intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism | endocrine glands |
| _____ cells defy rigid classification- release hormones, release bile into ducts, release albumin and blood clotting factors into blood (not hormones) | liver |
| has chemical and electrical internal communcation | nervous |
| only chemical internal communcation | endocrine |
| speed and persistence of response reacts quickly and stops quickly | nervous |
| speed and persistence of response reacts slowly and stops slowly | endocrine |
| adapts to long-term stimuli quickly | nervous |
| adapts to long-term stimuli slowly | endocrine |
| area of effect is targeted and specific (one organ) | nervous |
| are of effect is general and widespread (many organs) | endocrine |
| True of false: Several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters | true |
| norepinephrin, cholecystokinin, thyrotropic-releasing hormone, dopamine and antidiuretic hormone functions as both ____ and ____ | hormones and neurotransmitters |
| True or false: All hormones secreted by neurendocrine cells release their secretion into the bloodstream | False, only some do: oxytocin and catecholamines |
| True of false: Both the endocrine and the nervous system can have overlapping effects of the same target | true |
| Nervous and Endocrine regulate eachother: ____ trigger hormone secretion _____ stimulate or inhibit neurons | neurons hormones |
| organs or cells that have recptors for a hormone and can respond to it | target organs or cells |
| Communcation process in nervous system compared to endocrine system (list process) | Nervous: Neuron->nerve impulse->neurotransmitter-> target cell Endocrine system: endocrine cell->hormone in bloodstream-> target cells |
| what is shapped like a flattened funnel? | hypothalamus |
| what forms the floor and wall of the third ventricle | hypothalamus |
| what regulates primitve functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth | hypothalamus |
| what has many of its functions carried out by the ptiuitary gland? | hypothalamus |
| the ptiuitary gland is suspended from the hypothalmus by a stalk called the | infudibulum |
| what is house in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and the size and shape of a kidney bean? | pituitary gland |
| anterior pituitary is also known as | adenohypophysis |
| posterior putuitary is also known as | neurohypophysis |
| where does the adenhypophysis arise from? | hypophyseal puch (outgrowth of pharynx) |
| true or false: neurohypophysis is a downgrowth from the brain | true |
| ______ constitutes anterior three quarters of pituitary | adenohypophysis |
| name the two segments of the adenohypophysis | pars distalis (anterior lobe) pars tuberalis (small mass of cells adhering to stalk) |
| the adenohypophysis is linked to the hypothalamus by the | hypophyseal portal system |
| what hormones regulate adenohypophysis cells? | hypothalamic |
| primary capillaries in _____ connected to secondary capillaries in _______ by hypophyseal portal venules | hypothalamus adenhypophysis |
| what constitutes the posterior one quarter of the pituitary? | neurohypophysis |
| what are the three parts oh the neurohypophysis? | median eminence, infundibulum and the pars nervosa (posterior lobe) |
| true of false: even though the neurhypophysis is composed of nerve tissue it is a true gland | false, it is not a true gland |
| nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus pass down the stalk as ______-______ tract and end in posterior lobe | hypothalamu-hypophyseal |
| true or false: hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones that are stored in neurohypophysis until released into blood | true |
| hypothalamic-releasing and -inhibiting hormones travel in _____ _____ _____ from hypothalamus to anterior lobe | hypophyseal portal system |
| hormones secreted by the anterior or posterior pituitary? | anterior |
| how many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus? | 8 |
| how many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary | 6 |
| what two hormones are released into capillaries in the posterior pituitary when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated | oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones |
| TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH are releasing hormones that affect secretion of what anterior pituitary hormones? | TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH |
| what are the releaing hormones in the anterior pituitary that affect the secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH? | TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH |
| PIH inhibits secretion of what hormone | prolactin |
| somatostatin inhibits secretion of ____ hormone and _____-stimulating hormone by the anterior pitutiary | growth thyroid |
| where are OT and ADH stored? | postrior pitutiary |
| right and left _______ ___ produce OT | paraventricular nuclei |
| What nuclei produces ADH | supraoptic nuclei |
| does the posterior pituitary synthesize OT and ADH? | no |
| Does the anterior pituitary synthesize and secrete six principal hormones? | yes |
| What are the two gonadotropin hormones in the anterior pituitary? | FSH and LH |
| What does FSH stand for? | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| what hormone stimulated secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles and sperm production | FSH |
| What does LH stand for? | luteinizing hormone |
| what hormone stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone | LH |
| what does TSH stand for? | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
| what hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone | TSH |
| what does ACTH stand for? | adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| what hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids? | ACTH |
| what does PRL stand for? | prolactin |
| what hormone stimmulates mammary glands to synthesize milk after birth and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes? | PRL |
| what does GH stand for? | growth hormone |
| what hormone stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation? | GH |
| What are the six principal hormones of the anterior pitutiary? | FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL and GH |
| the pars intermedia is ____ in the fetus and _____ in the adult | present, absent |
| produces melaocyte-stimulating hormone in animals influencing pigmentation of skin, hair, or feathers. Not apparently present nor functioning in humans. | pars intermedia |
| remnant cells of the pars intermedia can be found in the adult ______ lobe | anterior |
| the pars intermedia produces ________, it is not secreted and is processed within the pituitary to yield smaller fragments such as ACTH and pain-inhibiting endorphins | proopiomelanocortin(POMC) |
| where are posterior pitutiary hormones produced? | hypothalamus |
| how are posterior pituitary hormones transported to the posterior lobe? | hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
| posterior pituitary hormones are released when what neurons are stimulated? | hypothalamic |
| what does ADH stand for? | antidiuretic hormone |
| what hormone increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume, and prevents dehydration | ADH |
| the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called ________ because it can cause vasoconstriction | vasopressin |
| What does OT stand for? | oxytocin |
| what hormone is secreted during sexual arousal and orgasm? | OT |
| what hormone promotes feeling of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners | OT |
| what hormone stimualtes labor contractions during childbirth | OT |
| what hormone stimulates flow of milk during lactation | OT |
| what hormone promotes emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant | OT |
| are rates of pitutiary secretion constant? | no, they are regulated by hypothalamus, other brain centers and feedback from target organs |
| what lobe controling releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus? | anterior lobe |
| what is a neuroendocrine reflex? | hormone release in response to a nervous system signal |
| The following event is an example of what? suckling infant -> stimulates nerve endings -> hypothalamus -> posterior lobe -> oxytocin -> milk ejection | neuroendocrine reflex |
| increased target organ hormone levels inhbit release of hormones | negative feedback |
| stretching og uterus increasing OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery is an example of | positive feedback |
| what hormone has widespread effects on the body tissue and induces the liver to produce growth stimulants | GH |
| what does IGF-I stand for? | insulin-like growth factors |
| what does IGF-II stand for? | somatomedins |
| what prolongs the action of GH | IGF-I |
| the time required for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood is called what? | hormone half-life |
| what happens when protein synthesis increases (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)? | boosts transcription of DNA, production on mRNA, amino acid uptake into cells, suppresses protein catabolism |
| what happens when lipid metabolism increases (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)? | fat catabolized by apidocytes (protein-sparing effect), which provides energy for growing tissue |
| what happens to carbuhydrate metabolism (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)? | glucose-sparing effect, mobilizes fatty acids, reduces the dependence of most cells on glucose. Will not compete with the brain and makes these electrolytes available to the growing tissue |
| what happens to electrolye balance (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)? | promotes Na+,K+ and Cl- retention by kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorbtion in intestine |
| What horomone: bone growth, thickening and remodeling influenced, especially during childhood and adolesence | GH |
| True of false: growth hormone levels increase gradually with age | false they decline |
| secretion of GH is high during what part of sleep? | first two hours |
| who has more bone, more muscle and less fat: an average 30 year old or an average 75 year old? | the 30 year old |
| what gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum? | pineal gland |
| is the pineal gland large as an adult of child? | child |
| what does involution mean? | shrinkage |
| what gland may synchronize physiological function with 24-hour circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness | pineal gland |
| what gland synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night? | pineal gland |
| true or false: the pineal gland may regulate timing of puberty in humans | true |
| what is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)? | -occurs in winter and northern climates -depression, sleepiness, irritability and carb craving -2-3 hours of exposure to bright light each day reduces the melatonin levels and the symptoms (phototherapy) |
| what gland plays a role in the endocrine, lymphatic and immune systems | thymus |
| what gland is bilobed in the mediastinum superior to the heart | thymus |
| does the thymus go through involution after puberty | yes |
| site of maturation of T cells important in immune disease | thymus |
| what hormones does the thymus secrete | thymipoietin, thymosin, thymulin |
| what gland secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes | thymus |
| what is the largest endocrine gland | thyroid |
| gland that is composed of two lobes and an isthmus below the larynx | thyroid |
| why does the thyroid gland have a dark reddish brown color | rich blood supply |
| sacs that compose most of the thyroid | thyroid follicles |
| thyroid follicles contain protein-rich _____ | colloid |
| simple cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles | follicular cells |
| the thyroid secretes | thyroxine T4, and triiodothyronine T3 |
| what gland increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness, quicker reflexes | thyroid |
| what type of cell secretes calcitonin with rising blood calcium | parafollicular cells (also called C or clear cells) |
| what cells in the thyroid gland stimulate osteoblast activity and bone formation? | parafollicular cells (also called C or clear cells) |
| thyroid follicles are filled with ______ and lined with _______ | colloid, follicular cells |
| four galnds partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland | parathyroid glands |
| the prathyroid glands secrete | PTH or parathyroid hormone |
| what does PTH stand for | parathyroid hormone |
| what hormone increases blood Ca2+ levels by: promoteing synthesis of calcitriol, increaseing absorbtion of Ca2+, decreasing urinary excretion and increasing bone resorption | PTH |
| what gland sits on top of each kidney | adrenal |
| adrenal ____ and ____ formed by merger of two fetal glands with differnt origins and fuctions | cortex, medulla |
| the adrenal glands are ______ like the kidney | retoperitoneal |
| the inner core or the ______ ______ is 10% to 20% of the adrenal gland | adrenal medulla |
| the adrenal medulla is considered dual nature because | acts as an endocrine gland and sympathetic ganglion of symphathetic nervous system |
| the adrenal medulla is innervated by | sympathetic preganglionic fibers |
| the adrenal medulla consists of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons called | chromaffin cells |
| catecholamines are | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| when the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases ________ (______ and ______) and a trace of _______ directly in the bloodstream | catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| true or false: effects of the adrenal medulla is longer lasting than neurotransmitters | true |
| glycogenolysis and gluconeogeneis do what to glucose levels | boost |
| what does the adrenal medulla have a glucose-sparing effect | it inhibits insulin secretion -muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for brain |
| what gland prepares your body for physical activity by increaseing: alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary air flow and metabolic rate. deecreases: digestion and urine production | adrenal medulla. |
| outer layer of adrenal gland | adrenal cortex |
| the adrenal cortex produces more than 25 steroid hormones called _____ or _____ | corticosteroids, corticoids |
| name the three layers of the andrenal cortex | zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer) zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer) zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer) |
| name zona: cells arranged in rounded cluster | zona glomerulosa |
| name zona: cells arranged in fascicles seperated by capillaries | zona fasciculata |
| name zona: secretes mineralcorticoid-regulate the body's electrolyte balance | zona glomerulosa |
| name zona: secretes glucocorticoids | zona fasciculata |
| name zona: cells in branching network | zona reticularis |
| name zona: secretes sex steroids | zona reticularis |
| _____ stimulates Na+ retentions and K+ excretion, water is reatined with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained | aldosterone |
| alderstone is associated with what zona | zona glomerulosa |
| what do mineralcorticoids in the adrenal cortex help regulate | eletrolyte balance |
| what do glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex help regulate | metabolism of glucose and other fuels |
| what zona helps the body adapt to stress and repair tissue | zona fasciculata |
| what zona has an anti-inflammatory effect that can become immune suppression with long term use | zons fasciculata |
| name zona: especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood | zona fasciculata |
| sets libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development | androgens |
| small quantity, but important after menopause for sustainign adult bone mass; fat convertys androgens into estrogen | estradiol |
| what zona contains androgens and estradiol | zona reticularis |
| true or false: medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland are functionally independent | false |
| what happens to adrenal medulla without stimulation of cortisol | it atrophies (wastes away) |
| some ______ cells of the adrenal medulla origin extend into the adrenal cotex | chromaffin |
| chromaffin cells that extend from adrenal medulla into adrenal coretx stimulate the cortex to secrete what and when? | secretes corticosteroids when stress activates the sympathetic nervous system |
| exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell clusters (pancreatic isltets) can be found ___, ___ and ___ to the stomache | retroperitoneal, inferior and posterior |
| glucagon is secreted by what type of cell | A or alpha cells |
| when is glucagon released | between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling |
| what does glucagon do in the liver | stimulates glucogenesis, glycogenolysis and the relsease of glucose into the ciruclation raising blood glucose level |
| what does glucagon do in adipose tissue | stimulates fat catabolism and release of freee fatty acids |
| what is released to rising amino acid levels in blood, promotes amino absorption, and provides cells with raw material for glucogenesis | glucagon |
| what cells secrete insulin | b or beta cells |
| when is insulin secreted | during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising |
| what does insulin stimute cells to do | to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels |
| where do you not need insulin to absorb glucose? | brain, liver, kidneys and RBCs |
| true of false: insulin prmotes synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein | true |
| does insulin or glucagon suppress use of already-stored fuels | insulin |
| diabetes mellitus is | insufficiency or inaction of insulin |
| what cells secrete somatostatin | D or delta cells |
| somatostatin partially suppressed secretion of | glucagon and insulin |
| in the pancreatic islets what inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients | somatostatin |
| pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells | PP or F cells |
| in the pancreatic islets what inhbits gallbladder and intestinal contractions and secretion of stomach acid and pancreatic digestive enzymes | pancreatice polypeptide |
| gastrin is secreted by what cell | G cells |
| in the pancreatic islets what stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility, and emptying | gastrin |
| hyperglycemic hormones ____ blood glucose levels | raise |
| hypoglycemic hormones ____ blood glucose levels | lower |
| glucagon, GH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone ______ blood glucose levels | raise |
| insulin ____ blood glucose levels | lowers |
| true or false: ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine | true |
| exocrine product in ovaries and testes | whoel cells- eggs and sperm (cytogenic glands) |
| endocrien product in ovaries and testes | gonad hormones- msotly steroids |
| name the ovarian hormones | estradiol, progesterone and inhibin |
| name the testicular hormones | testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin |
| in gonads egg surronded by granulose cells and a capsule (theca) | follicle |
| in the ovaries theca cells synthesize ______ that is converted to mainly _____ | androstenedione, estradiol |
| after ovulation the remains of the follicle becomes the | corpus leteum |
| corpus luteum in ovaries secretes | progesterone for 12 days followign ovulation |
| follicles and corpus luteum in ovaries secrete | inhbiin |
| functions of estradiol and pregestorone in ovaries | -development of female reproduction system and physique including adolescent bone growth -regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy -prepare mammru glands for lactation |
| inhibin suppresses what hormone secreteion from anterior pitutiary | FSH |
| microscopic _________ ____ produce sperm | seminiferous tubules |
| seminiferous tubules in testes contain what kind of cells | sustentacular (Sertoli) cells |
| what type of cells lie in clusters between seminiferous tubules in testes | Leydig cells (interstital cells) |
| what hormone stimulates developemtn of male reproductive system, sex drive, and sustains sperm production | testosterone |
| testrosterone and other steroid are from waht cells that are nestled between tubules | interstitial cells or Leydig cells |
| in teh testes hormone is from sustentacular (Sertoli) cells | inhibin |
| what limits FSH secretion in order to regulate sperm production | inhibin |
| where does keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using UV from the sun | in the skin |
| how many hormones is the liver invovled with | atleast five |
| in the liver cholecalciferol is converted into | calcidiol |
| the liver secretes a prohormone called | angiotensinogen |
| the liver secretes 15% of _____ the stimualtes bone marrow | erthopoietin |
| in the liver what promotes intestinal absorption of iron | hepcidin |
| the liver is the sour of ______ that controls action of growth hormone | IGF-I |
| how many hormones do the kidneys play a role in | three |
| in the kidneys calcidiol in coverted to _____, the active form of vitamin D | calcitriol |
| what do the kidneys secrete that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I | renin |
| how is angiotensin II created and what does it do | converting enzymes in lungs, it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure |
| the kidneys produce 85% of ______ that stimualtes bone marrow to produce RBCs | erythropoietin |
| the cardiac muscle in the ehart secretes ___ and ____ in response to an increase in blood pressure | ANP and BNP |
| ANP stands for | atrial natriuretic peptides |
| BNP stands for | brain natriuretic peptides |
| ANP and BNP oppose angiotensin II to ____ blood pressure | lower |
| stomach and small intestine secrete how many enteric hormones that are secreted by enteroendocrine cells | at least 10 |
| stomach and small inestine hormones coordinate digestive ___ and glandualr ____ | motility, secretion |
| adipose tissue secretes ____ that slows appetite | leptin |
| osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts in | osseous tissue |
| what increases nuber of pancreatic beta cells, pancreatic output of insulin, and insulin sensitivity of other body tissues and inhibits weight gain and onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus | osterocalcin (in the osseous tissue) |
| the placenta secretes what to regulate and stimulate what | secretes: estrogen, progesterone, and others regulates pregnancy, stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands |
| what are the three chemical classes | steroids, peptides/glycoproteins, monamines(biogenic amines) |
| name the chemical class: derived from choesterol, secreted by gonads and adrenal glands | steroids |
| name the chemical class: created from chains of amino acids, secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus | peptides/glycoproteins |
| name the chemical class: derived from amino acids, secreted by adrenal, pineal and thyroid glands | monoamines |
| estrogen and testosterone are an example of what chemical class | steroids |
| OT and ADH are an example of what chemical class | peptides/glycoproteins |
| melatonic and epinephrine are an example of what chemcial class | monoamines |
| all hormones are made from either ____ or ___ ___ with carbohydraye added to make glycoproteins | cholesterol, amino acids |
| insulin begins as ____, then becomes ____ | preproinsulin, proinsulin |
| when _____ _____ is removed, two polypeptide chains are formed that make up insulin | connecting peptide |
| melatonin is synthesized from amino acid _____ and other monoamines from amino acid _____ | tryptophan, tyrosine |
| thyroid hormone is composed of how many tyrosines | 2 |
| what type of ions do follicular cells absorb from blood and store in lumen | iodide (I-) |
| follicular cells synthesize ______ and store in lumen that forms colloid and contains lots of tyorsine | thyroglobulin |
| in follicular cells tyrosine and iodine combine to form ____ bound to thyroglobulin | thyroxine (T4) |
| what stimulates follicular cells to remove T4 from thyroglobulin for release into plasma | TSH |
| how is most T3 produced | in liver or by target cells removing an iodine from circulating T4 |
| MIT cotains _ iodine atom, DIT has _ | 1,2 |
| combination od MIT plus DIT is | T3 |
| combination of two DITs | T4 |
| most monoamines and petides are hydro____ | hydrophillic, mix easily with blood plasma |
| steroid and thyroid hormones are hydro____ | hydrophobic |
| how are steroid and thyroid hormones transported? | bind to transport protein->bound hormones have logner half-life->unbound hormones leaves capillaries to reach target cell (they catch a bus, bus gets attacked by riot (enzymes) to get hormones safely to target cell.) |
| what three transport proteins do thyroid hormones bind to | albumin, thyretin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TGB) More than 99% TH is protein bound |
| (hormone transport) steroid hormones bind to | globulins |
| true or false: hormones stimulate only those cells that have receptors for them | true |
| receptors are ____ or ____ molecules | protein or glycoprotein |
| recpetors are located | on plasma membrane, in cytoplasm or in the nucleus |
| what is like a switch turning on metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them | receptors |
| does a target cell have one recptor for a given hormone? | no, it has a few thousand recptors for a given hormone (usually) |
| receptor hormone interactions exhibit ___ and ____ | specificity and saturation |
| specificity means | specific receptor for each hormone |
| saturated receptors means | all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules |
| what type of hormone can penetrate plasma membrane and act directly on genes and can take several hours to days to show efect due to lag of protein synthesis | hydrophobic hormones |
| what type of hormones cannot penetrate target cell and must stimulate physiology indirectly | hydrophillic hormones |
| true of false: one hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of any enzyme molecules | true |
| what does up-regulation mean | the number of recptors in increased |
| what does down-regulation mean | reduces number of recptors happens with long-term exposure to high hormone concentrations |
| synergistic effect | multiple hormones act together for greater effect |
| FSH and testoserone on sperm production is what kind of effect | synergistic effect |
| permissive effect | one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second later hormone |
| estrogen preparing the uterus for action of progesterone is an example effect | permissive effect |
| antagonistic effect | one hormone opposed the action of another |
| insulin lowers blood glucose and glycogen raises it. what kind of effect is this | antagonisitc effect |
| true or false: hormone signals must stay turned on even after they served their purpose | false, they must be turned off |
| where are most hormones taken and degraded | in liver and kidney excreted in bile and urine |
| metabolic clearance rate (MCR) is | rate of hormone removal from the bloof |
| the fster the Metabolic clearance rate the _____ the half-life | shorter |
| what is caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being | stress |
| general adaption syndrome (GAS) is | way body reacts to stress typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids |
| what are the three steages of general adaption syndrome | alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion |
| describe alarm reaction n general adaption syndrome | first response, mediated by norepiephrine from sympatheric nervous system and epienphrine fromthe adrenal medulla, prepares body for fight or flight, stored glycogen consumed, increases aldosterone and angiotensin levels. |
| what does aldosterone do | promtoes sodium and water conservation |
| what do angiotensin do | helps raises blood pressure |
| describe stage of resistance in general adaption syndrome | glycogen reserves gone (brain need glucose), provides alt fuels for metabolism, stage domianted by cortisol, hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary secretes extra ACTH,breakdown fat and protein for glyconeogenesis,weak afterwards |
| describe stage of rexhaustion in general adaption syndrome | homeostais overwhelmed is stress continues over several months, body breakdown, increase infection rates |
| paracrines | chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells -not produced in neurons -not transported in blood |
| true or false: a single chemical can act as a hormone, paracrine, or neurotransmitter in different locations | true |
| histamine | mast cells in connective tissue, causes relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle |
| nitric oxide | from endothelium of blood vessels, causes vasodilation |
| somatostatin | from gamma cells, inhibits secretion of alpha and beta cells |
| catecholamines | diffuse adrenal medulla to cortex |
| eicosanoids | family of paracrines, derived from fatty acid called arachnois acid |
| lipoxygenase converts | arachidonic acid into leukotrienes |
| leukotrienes | mediate allergic and inflammatory reactions |
| cyclooxygenase converts | arachnoid acid to three other types of eicosanoids: prostacyclin, thromboxanes and prostaglandins |
| prostacyclin | inhibits blood clotting and vasoconctriction |
| thromboxanes | produced in blood plateles after injurt, overrides prostacyclin, stimulates vasoconstriction and blood clotting |
| prostaglandins | PGE-relaxes smooth muscle in bladder, intestines, bronchioles, uterus; stimulates contraction of blood vessels PGF-causes opposite effect |
| cortisol and corticosterone are steroid anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit inflammation by | blocking release of arachnoid acid from plasma membrane and inhibit synthesis of eicosanoids. Disadvantage:Cushing syndrome |
| Aspirin, ibuprofen and celecoxib are steroid or nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs | nonsteroid |
| nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs work by | block cyclooxygenase (COX) |
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