True or false: All hormones secreted by neurendocrine cells release their secretion into the bloodstream

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Chapter 17-endocrine

Question	Answer
Four principal mechanisms of communication between cells:	Gap junctions, Neurotransmitters, Paracrine hormones, Hormones
pores in cell membrane allow signaling molecules, nutrients and eelectrolytes to move from cell to cell	gap junctions
released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell	neurtransmitters
secreted into tissue fluids to affect nearby cells	paracrine hormones
chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to other tissues and organs	hormones
glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones (name the system)	endocrine system
the study of this system and the disgnosis and treatment of its disorders	endocrinology
organs that are traditional sources of hormones	endocrine glands
chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physioloigcal responses in cells of another tissue or organ, often a considerable distance away	hormones
-have ducts that carry secretion to an epithelial surface or the mucosa of degstive tract: "external secretions" -extracelluar effects (food digestion)	exocrine glands
-no ducts -contain dense, fenestrated capillary networks which allow easy uptake of hormones into bloodstream -"internal secretions" -intracellular effects such as altering target cell metabolism	endocrine glands
_____ cells defy rigid classification- release hormones, release bile into ducts, release albumin and blood clotting factors into blood (not hormones)	liver
has chemical and electrical internal communcation	nervous
only chemical internal communcation	endocrine
speed and persistence of response reacts quickly and stops quickly	nervous
speed and persistence of response reacts slowly and stops slowly	endocrine
adapts to long-term stimuli quickly	nervous
adapts to long-term stimuli slowly	endocrine
area of effect is targeted and specific (one organ)	nervous
are of effect is general and widespread (many organs)	endocrine
True of false: Several chemicals function as both hormones and neurotransmitters	true
norepinephrin, cholecystokinin, thyrotropic-releasing hormone, dopamine and antidiuretic hormone functions as both ____ and ____	hormones and neurotransmitters
True or false: All hormones secreted by neurendocrine cells release their secretion into the bloodstream	False, only some do: oxytocin and catecholamines
True of false: Both the endocrine and the nervous system can have overlapping effects of the same target	true
Nervous and Endocrine regulate eachother: ____ trigger hormone secretion _____ stimulate or inhibit neurons	neurons hormones
organs or cells that have recptors for a hormone and can respond to it	target organs or cells
Communcation process in nervous system compared to endocrine system (list process)	Nervous: Neuron->nerve impulse->neurotransmitter-> target cell Endocrine system: endocrine cell->hormone in bloodstream-> target cells
what is shapped like a flattened funnel?	hypothalamus
what forms the floor and wall of the third ventricle	hypothalamus
what regulates primitve functions of the body from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth	hypothalamus
what has many of its functions carried out by the ptiuitary gland?	hypothalamus
the ptiuitary gland is suspended from the hypothalmus by a stalk called the	infudibulum
what is house in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and the size and shape of a kidney bean?	pituitary gland
anterior pituitary is also known as	adenohypophysis
posterior putuitary is also known as	neurohypophysis
where does the adenhypophysis arise from?	hypophyseal puch (outgrowth of pharynx)
true or false: neurohypophysis is a downgrowth from the brain	true
______ constitutes anterior three quarters of pituitary	adenohypophysis
name the two segments of the adenohypophysis	pars distalis (anterior lobe) pars tuberalis (small mass of cells adhering to stalk)
the adenohypophysis is linked to the hypothalamus by the	hypophyseal portal system
what hormones regulate adenohypophysis cells?	hypothalamic
primary capillaries in _____ connected to secondary capillaries in _______ by hypophyseal portal venules	hypothalamus adenhypophysis
what constitutes the posterior one quarter of the pituitary?	neurohypophysis
what are the three parts oh the neurohypophysis?	median eminence, infundibulum and the pars nervosa (posterior lobe)
true of false: even though the neurhypophysis is composed of nerve tissue it is a true gland	false, it is not a true gland
nerve cell bodies in hypothalamus pass down the stalk as ______-______ tract and end in posterior lobe	hypothalamu-hypophyseal
true or false: hypothalamic neurons secrete hormones that are stored in neurohypophysis until released into blood	true
hypothalamic-releasing and -inhibiting hormones travel in _____ _____ _____ from hypothalamus to anterior lobe	hypophyseal portal system
hormones secreted by the anterior or posterior pituitary?	anterior
how many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?	8
how many hormones regulate the anterior pituitary	6
what two hormones are released into capillaries in the posterior pituitary when hypothalamic neurons are stimulated	oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
TRH, CRH, GnRH, and GHRH are releasing hormones that affect secretion of what anterior pituitary hormones?	TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH
what are the releaing hormones in the anterior pituitary that affect the secretion of TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH?	TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH
PIH inhibits secretion of what hormone	prolactin
somatostatin inhibits secretion of ____ hormone and _____-stimulating hormone by the anterior pitutiary	growth thyroid
where are OT and ADH stored?	postrior pitutiary
right and left _______ ___ produce OT	paraventricular nuclei
What nuclei produces ADH	supraoptic nuclei
does the posterior pituitary synthesize OT and ADH?	no
Does the anterior pituitary synthesize and secrete six principal hormones?	yes
What are the two gonadotropin hormones in the anterior pituitary?	FSH and LH
What does FSH stand for?	Follicle-stimulating hormone
what hormone stimulated secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles and sperm production	FSH
What does LH stand for?	luteinizing hormone
what hormone stimulates ovulation, stimulates corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, stimulates testes to secrete testosterone	LH
what does TSH stand for?	thyroid-stimulating hormone
what hormone stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone	TSH
what does ACTH stand for?	adrenocorticotropic hormone
what hormone stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids?	ACTH
what does PRL stand for?	prolactin
what hormone stimmulates mammary glands to synthesize milk after birth and enhances secretion of testosterone by testes?	PRL
what does GH stand for?	growth hormone
what hormone stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation?	GH
What are the six principal hormones of the anterior pitutiary?	FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL and GH
the pars intermedia is ____ in the fetus and _____ in the adult	present, absent
produces melaocyte-stimulating hormone in animals influencing pigmentation of skin, hair, or feathers. Not apparently present nor functioning in humans.	pars intermedia
remnant cells of the pars intermedia can be found in the adult ______ lobe	anterior
the pars intermedia produces ________, it is not secreted and is processed within the pituitary to yield smaller fragments such as ACTH and pain-inhibiting endorphins	proopiomelanocortin(POMC)
where are posterior pitutiary hormones produced?	hypothalamus
how are posterior pituitary hormones transported to the posterior lobe?	hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
posterior pituitary hormones are released when what neurons are stimulated?	hypothalamic
what does ADH stand for?	antidiuretic hormone
what hormone increases water retention, thus reducing urine volume, and prevents dehydration	ADH
the ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is also called ________ because it can cause vasoconstriction	vasopressin
What does OT stand for?	oxytocin
what hormone is secreted during sexual arousal and orgasm?	OT
what hormone promotes feeling of sexual satisfaction and emotional bonding between partners	OT
what hormone stimualtes labor contractions during childbirth	OT
what hormone stimulates flow of milk during lactation	OT
what hormone promotes emotional bonding between lactating mother and infant	OT
are rates of pitutiary secretion constant?	no, they are regulated by hypothalamus, other brain centers and feedback from target organs
what lobe controling releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus?	anterior lobe
what is a neuroendocrine reflex?	hormone release in response to a nervous system signal
The following event is an example of what? suckling infant -> stimulates nerve endings -> hypothalamus -> posterior lobe -> oxytocin -> milk ejection	neuroendocrine reflex
increased target organ hormone levels inhbit release of hormones	negative feedback
stretching og uterus increasing OT release, causes contractions, causing more stretching of uterus, etc. until delivery is an example of	positive feedback
what hormone has widespread effects on the body tissue and induces the liver to produce growth stimulants	GH
what does IGF-I stand for?	insulin-like growth factors
what does IGF-II stand for?	somatomedins
what prolongs the action of GH	IGF-I
the time required for 50% of the hormone to be cleared from the blood is called what?	hormone half-life
what happens when protein synthesis increases (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)?	boosts transcription of DNA, production on mRNA, amino acid uptake into cells, suppresses protein catabolism
what happens when lipid metabolism increases (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)?	fat catabolized by apidocytes (protein-sparing effect), which provides energy for growing tissue
what happens to carbuhydrate metabolism (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)?	glucose-sparing effect, mobilizes fatty acids, reduces the dependence of most cells on glucose. Will not compete with the brain and makes these electrolytes available to the growing tissue
what happens to electrolye balance (after the GH induces the liver to produce growth stimulants)?	promotes Na+,K+ and Cl- retention by kidneys, enhances Ca2+ absorbtion in intestine
What horomone: bone growth, thickening and remodeling influenced, especially during childhood and adolesence	GH
True of false: growth hormone levels increase gradually with age	false they decline
secretion of GH is high during what part of sleep?	first two hours
who has more bone, more muscle and less fat: an average 30 year old or an average 75 year old?	the 30 year old
what gland is attached to the roof of the third ventricle beneath the posterior end of the corpus callosum?	pineal gland
is the pineal gland large as an adult of child?	child
what does involution mean?	shrinkage
what gland may synchronize physiological function with 24-hour circadian rhythms of daylight and darkness	pineal gland
what gland synthesizes melatonin from serotonin during the night?	pineal gland
true or false: the pineal gland may regulate timing of puberty in humans	true
what is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?	-occurs in winter and northern climates -depression, sleepiness, irritability and carb craving -2-3 hours of exposure to bright light each day reduces the melatonin levels and the symptoms (phototherapy)
what gland plays a role in the endocrine, lymphatic and immune systems	thymus
what gland is bilobed in the mediastinum superior to the heart	thymus
does the thymus go through involution after puberty	yes
site of maturation of T cells important in immune disease	thymus
what hormones does the thymus secrete	thymipoietin, thymosin, thymulin
what gland secretes hormones that stimulate development of other lymphatic organs and activity of T lymphocytes	thymus
what is the largest endocrine gland	thyroid
gland that is composed of two lobes and an isthmus below the larynx	thyroid
why does the thyroid gland have a dark reddish brown color	rich blood supply
sacs that compose most of the thyroid	thyroid follicles
thyroid follicles contain protein-rich _____	colloid
simple cuboidal epithelium that lines follicles	follicular cells
the thyroid secretes	thyroxine T4, and triiodothyronine T3
what gland increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production, appetite, growth hormone secretion, alertness, quicker reflexes	thyroid
what type of cell secretes calcitonin with rising blood calcium	parafollicular cells (also called C or clear cells)
what cells in the thyroid gland stimulate osteoblast activity and bone formation?	parafollicular cells (also called C or clear cells)
thyroid follicles are filled with ______ and lined with _______	colloid, follicular cells
four galnds partially embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland	parathyroid glands
the prathyroid glands secrete	PTH or parathyroid hormone
what does PTH stand for	parathyroid hormone
what hormone increases blood Ca2+ levels by: promoteing synthesis of calcitriol, increaseing absorbtion of Ca2+, decreasing urinary excretion and increasing bone resorption	PTH
what gland sits on top of each kidney	adrenal
adrenal ____ and ____ formed by merger of two fetal glands with differnt origins and fuctions	cortex, medulla
the adrenal glands are ______ like the kidney	retoperitoneal
the inner core or the ______ ______ is 10% to 20% of the adrenal gland	adrenal medulla
the adrenal medulla is considered dual nature because	acts as an endocrine gland and sympathetic ganglion of symphathetic nervous system
the adrenal medulla is innervated by	sympathetic preganglionic fibers
the adrenal medulla consists of modified sympathetic postganglionic neurons called	chromaffin cells
catecholamines are	epinephrine and norepinephrine
when the adrenal medulla is stimulated it releases ________ (______ and ______) and a trace of _______ directly in the bloodstream	catecholamines, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
true or false: effects of the adrenal medulla is longer lasting than neurotransmitters	true
glycogenolysis and gluconeogeneis do what to glucose levels	boost
what does the adrenal medulla have a glucose-sparing effect	it inhibits insulin secretion -muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for brain
what gland prepares your body for physical activity by increaseing: alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, pulmonary air flow and metabolic rate. deecreases: digestion and urine production	adrenal medulla.
outer layer of adrenal gland	adrenal cortex
the adrenal cortex produces more than 25 steroid hormones called _____ or _____	corticosteroids, corticoids
name the three layers of the andrenal cortex	zona glomerulosa (thin, outer layer) zona fasciculata (thick, middle layer) zona reticularis (narrow, inner layer)
name zona: cells arranged in rounded cluster	zona glomerulosa
name zona: cells arranged in fascicles seperated by capillaries	zona fasciculata
name zona: secretes mineralcorticoid-regulate the body's electrolyte balance	zona glomerulosa
name zona: secretes glucocorticoids	zona fasciculata
name zona: cells in branching network	zona reticularis
name zona: secretes sex steroids	zona reticularis
_____ stimulates Na+ retentions and K+ excretion, water is reatined with sodium by osmosis, so blood volume and blood pressure are maintained	aldosterone
alderstone is associated with what zona	zona glomerulosa
what do mineralcorticoids in the adrenal cortex help regulate	eletrolyte balance
what do glucocorticoids in the adrenal cortex help regulate	metabolism of glucose and other fuels
what zona helps the body adapt to stress and repair tissue	zona fasciculata
what zona has an anti-inflammatory effect that can become immune suppression with long term use	zons fasciculata
name zona: especially cortisol, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis and release of fatty acids and glucose into blood	zona fasciculata
sets libido throughout life; large role in prenatal male development	androgens
small quantity, but important after menopause for sustainign adult bone mass; fat convertys androgens into estrogen	estradiol
what zona contains androgens and estradiol	zona reticularis
true or false: medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland are functionally independent	false
what happens to adrenal medulla without stimulation of cortisol	it atrophies (wastes away)
some ______ cells of the adrenal medulla origin extend into the adrenal cotex	chromaffin
chromaffin cells that extend from adrenal medulla into adrenal coretx stimulate the cortex to secrete what and when?	secretes corticosteroids when stress activates the sympathetic nervous system
exocrine digestive gland and endocrine cell clusters (pancreatic isltets) can be found ___, ___ and ___ to the stomache	retroperitoneal, inferior and posterior
glucagon is secreted by what type of cell	A or alpha cells
when is glucagon released	between meals when blood glucose concentration is falling
what does glucagon do in the liver	stimulates glucogenesis, glycogenolysis and the relsease of glucose into the ciruclation raising blood glucose level
what does glucagon do in adipose tissue	stimulates fat catabolism and release of freee fatty acids
what is released to rising amino acid levels in blood, promotes amino absorption, and provides cells with raw material for glucogenesis	glucagon
what cells secrete insulin	b or beta cells
when is insulin secreted	during and after meal when glucose and amino acid blood levels are rising
what does insulin stimute cells to do	to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them lowering blood glucose levels
where do you not need insulin to absorb glucose?	brain, liver, kidneys and RBCs
true of false: insulin prmotes synthesis of glycogen, fat and protein	true
does insulin or glucagon suppress use of already-stored fuels	insulin
diabetes mellitus is	insufficiency or inaction of insulin
what cells secrete somatostatin	D or delta cells
somatostatin partially suppressed secretion of	glucagon and insulin
in the pancreatic islets what inhibits nutrient digestion and absorption which prolongs absorption of nutrients	somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by what cells	PP or F cells
in the pancreatic islets what inhbits gallbladder and intestinal contractions and secretion of stomach acid and pancreatic digestive enzymes	pancreatice polypeptide
gastrin is secreted by what cell	G cells
in the pancreatic islets what stimulates stomach acid secretion, motility, and emptying	gastrin
hyperglycemic hormones ____ blood glucose levels	raise
hypoglycemic hormones ____ blood glucose levels	lower
glucagon, GH, epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, and corticosterone ______ blood glucose levels	raise
insulin ____ blood glucose levels	lowers
true or false: ovaries and testes are both endocrine and exocrine	true
exocrine product in ovaries and testes	whoel cells- eggs and sperm (cytogenic glands)
endocrien product in ovaries and testes	gonad hormones- msotly steroids
name the ovarian hormones	estradiol, progesterone and inhibin
name the testicular hormones	testosterone, weaker androgens, estrogen, and inhibin
in gonads egg surronded by granulose cells and a capsule (theca)	follicle
in the ovaries theca cells synthesize ______ that is converted to mainly _____	androstenedione, estradiol
after ovulation the remains of the follicle becomes the	corpus leteum
corpus luteum in ovaries secretes	progesterone for 12 days followign ovulation
follicles and corpus luteum in ovaries secrete	inhbiin
functions of estradiol and pregestorone in ovaries	-development of female reproduction system and physique including adolescent bone growth -regulate menstrual cycle, sustain pregnancy -prepare mammru glands for lactation
inhibin suppresses what hormone secreteion from anterior pitutiary	FSH
microscopic _________ ____ produce sperm	seminiferous tubules
seminiferous tubules in testes contain what kind of cells	sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
what type of cells lie in clusters between seminiferous tubules in testes	Leydig cells (interstital cells)
what hormone stimulates developemtn of male reproductive system, sex drive, and sustains sperm production	testosterone
testrosterone and other steroid are from waht cells that are nestled between tubules	interstitial cells or Leydig cells
in teh testes hormone is from sustentacular (Sertoli) cells	inhibin
what limits FSH secretion in order to regulate sperm production	inhibin
where does keratinocytes convert a cholesterol-like steroid into cholecalciferol using UV from the sun	in the skin
how many hormones is the liver invovled with	atleast five
in the liver cholecalciferol is converted into	calcidiol
the liver secretes a prohormone called	angiotensinogen
the liver secretes 15% of _____ the stimualtes bone marrow	erthopoietin
in the liver what promotes intestinal absorption of iron	hepcidin
the liver is the sour of ______ that controls action of growth hormone	IGF-I
how many hormones do the kidneys play a role in	three
in the kidneys calcidiol in coverted to _____, the active form of vitamin D	calcitriol
what do the kidneys secrete that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I	renin
how is angiotensin II created and what does it do	converting enzymes in lungs, it constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure
the kidneys produce 85% of ______ that stimualtes bone marrow to produce RBCs	erythropoietin
the cardiac muscle in the ehart secretes ___ and ____ in response to an increase in blood pressure	ANP and BNP
ANP stands for	atrial natriuretic peptides
BNP stands for	brain natriuretic peptides
ANP and BNP oppose angiotensin II to ____ blood pressure	lower
stomach and small intestine secrete how many enteric hormones that are secreted by enteroendocrine cells	at least 10
stomach and small inestine hormones coordinate digestive ___ and glandualr ____	motility, secretion
adipose tissue secretes ____ that slows appetite	leptin
osteocalcin is secreted by osteoblasts in	osseous tissue
what increases nuber of pancreatic beta cells, pancreatic output of insulin, and insulin sensitivity of other body tissues and inhibits weight gain and onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus	osterocalcin (in the osseous tissue)
the placenta secretes what to regulate and stimulate what	secretes: estrogen, progesterone, and others regulates pregnancy, stimulates development of fetus and mammary glands
what are the three chemical classes	steroids, peptides/glycoproteins, monamines(biogenic amines)
name the chemical class: derived from choesterol, secreted by gonads and adrenal glands	steroids
name the chemical class: created from chains of amino acids, secreted by pituitary and hypothalamus	peptides/glycoproteins
name the chemical class: derived from amino acids, secreted by adrenal, pineal and thyroid glands	monoamines
estrogen and testosterone are an example of what chemical class	steroids
OT and ADH are an example of what chemical class	peptides/glycoproteins
melatonic and epinephrine are an example of what chemcial class	monoamines
all hormones are made from either ____ or ___ ___ with carbohydraye added to make glycoproteins	cholesterol, amino acids
insulin begins as ____, then becomes ____	preproinsulin, proinsulin
when _____ _____ is removed, two polypeptide chains are formed that make up insulin	connecting peptide
melatonin is synthesized from amino acid _____ and other monoamines from amino acid _____	tryptophan, tyrosine
thyroid hormone is composed of how many tyrosines	2
what type of ions do follicular cells absorb from blood and store in lumen	iodide (I-)
follicular cells synthesize ______ and store in lumen that forms colloid and contains lots of tyorsine	thyroglobulin
in follicular cells tyrosine and iodine combine to form ____ bound to thyroglobulin	thyroxine (T4)
what stimulates follicular cells to remove T4 from thyroglobulin for release into plasma	TSH
how is most T3 produced	in liver or by target cells removing an iodine from circulating T4
MIT cotains _ iodine atom, DIT has _	1,2
combination od MIT plus DIT is	T3
combination of two DITs	T4
most monoamines and petides are hydro____	hydrophillic, mix easily with blood plasma
steroid and thyroid hormones are hydro____	hydrophobic
how are steroid and thyroid hormones transported?	bind to transport protein->bound hormones have logner half-life->unbound hormones leaves capillaries to reach target cell (they catch a bus, bus gets attacked by riot (enzymes) to get hormones safely to target cell.)
what three transport proteins do thyroid hormones bind to	albumin, thyretin, thyroxine-binding globulin (TGB) More than 99% TH is protein bound
(hormone transport) steroid hormones bind to	globulins
true or false: hormones stimulate only those cells that have receptors for them	true
receptors are ____ or ____ molecules	protein or glycoprotein
recpetors are located	on plasma membrane, in cytoplasm or in the nucleus
what is like a switch turning on metabolic pathways when hormone binds to them	receptors
does a target cell have one recptor for a given hormone?	no, it has a few thousand recptors for a given hormone (usually)
receptor hormone interactions exhibit ___ and ____	specificity and saturation
specificity means	specific receptor for each hormone
saturated receptors means	all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules
what type of hormone can penetrate plasma membrane and act directly on genes and can take several hours to days to show efect due to lag of protein synthesis	hydrophobic hormones
what type of hormones cannot penetrate target cell and must stimulate physiology indirectly	hydrophillic hormones
true of false: one hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of any enzyme molecules	true
what does up-regulation mean	the number of recptors in increased
what does down-regulation mean	reduces number of recptors happens with long-term exposure to high hormone concentrations
synergistic effect	multiple hormones act together for greater effect
FSH and testoserone on sperm production is what kind of effect	synergistic effect
permissive effect	one hormone enhances the target organ's response to a second later hormone
estrogen preparing the uterus for action of progesterone is an example effect	permissive effect
antagonistic effect	one hormone opposed the action of another
insulin lowers blood glucose and glycogen raises it. what kind of effect is this	antagonisitc effect
true or false: hormone signals must stay turned on even after they served their purpose	false, they must be turned off
where are most hormones taken and degraded	in liver and kidney excreted in bile and urine
metabolic clearance rate (MCR) is	rate of hormone removal from the bloof
the fster the Metabolic clearance rate the _____ the half-life	shorter
what is caused by any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being	stress
general adaption syndrome (GAS) is	way body reacts to stress typically involves elevated levels of epinephrine and glucocorticoids
what are the three steages of general adaption syndrome	alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
describe alarm reaction n general adaption syndrome	first response, mediated by norepiephrine from sympatheric nervous system and epienphrine fromthe adrenal medulla, prepares body for fight or flight, stored glycogen consumed, increases aldosterone and angiotensin levels.
what does aldosterone do	promtoes sodium and water conservation
what do angiotensin do	helps raises blood pressure
describe stage of resistance in general adaption syndrome	glycogen reserves gone (brain need glucose), provides alt fuels for metabolism, stage domianted by cortisol, hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary secretes extra ACTH,breakdown fat and protein for glyconeogenesis,weak afterwards
describe stage of rexhaustion in general adaption syndrome	homeostais overwhelmed is stress continues over several months, body breakdown, increase infection rates
paracrines	chemical messengers that diffuse short distances and stimulate nearby cells -not produced in neurons -not transported in blood
true or false: a single chemical can act as a hormone, paracrine, or neurotransmitter in different locations	true
histamine	mast cells in connective tissue, causes relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle
nitric oxide	from endothelium of blood vessels, causes vasodilation
somatostatin	from gamma cells, inhibits secretion of alpha and beta cells
catecholamines	diffuse adrenal medulla to cortex
eicosanoids	family of paracrines, derived from fatty acid called arachnois acid
lipoxygenase converts	arachidonic acid into leukotrienes
leukotrienes	mediate allergic and inflammatory reactions
cyclooxygenase converts	arachnoid acid to three other types of eicosanoids: prostacyclin, thromboxanes and prostaglandins
prostacyclin	inhibits blood clotting and vasoconctriction
thromboxanes	produced in blood plateles after injurt, overrides prostacyclin, stimulates vasoconstriction and blood clotting
prostaglandins	PGE-relaxes smooth muscle in bladder, intestines, bronchioles, uterus; stimulates contraction of blood vessels PGF-causes opposite effect
cortisol and corticosterone are steroid anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit inflammation by	blocking release of arachnoid acid from plasma membrane and inhibit synthesis of eicosanoids. Disadvantage:Cushing syndrome
Aspirin, ibuprofen and celecoxib are steroid or nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs	nonsteroid
nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs work by	block cyclooxygenase (COX)

Created by: sugarsweetie26

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