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Anatomy&Physiology..
Chapter 2:Chemical Basis For Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | The part of the cell that contains DNA and acids in several body functions,including reproductionm,metabolism,and growth. |
| Element | Any of 116 known substances that cannot be separated into smaller substances.The smallest unit of an element is an atom. |
| Matter | Anything that has mass and exists as a solid,liquid,or gas. |
| Chemical Symbol | The abbreviation of the name of a chemical element.Used to identify the element in the Periodic Table of the Elements. |
| What are the subatomic particles? | Protons,neutrons,and electrons. |
| Protons | A subatomic particle with a positive charge that,along with the neutrons,makes up the entire mass of the nucleus. |
| Neutrons | A subatomic partial with no electrical charge that join with the protons to make up the entire mass of the nucleus. |
| Electrons | A lightweight subatomic particle that carries a negatie charge. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of an element having all the characterisitics of that element. |
| Atomic Nucleus | A dense region at the center of an atom consisting of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons. |
| Atomic Weight | The average mass of an atom of an element. |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Ion | An electrically charged atom or molecule. |
| Isotopes | One of two or more atoms haing the same atomic number but different masses. |
| Radioactive Isotope | An unstable isotope of an element that decomposes spontaneously by emission of subatomic particles and radiation. |
| Electron Shell | The grouping of electrons around the nucleus of an atom. |
| Molecule | The smallest particle of a substance composed of two or more atoms that retains the properties of the substance. |
| Compound | A substance made up of two or more elements. |
| What is the difference between a molecule and a compound? | The properties of the compound are much different thatn the properties of the elements from which it is made. |
| Chemical Bond | A force by which atoms are bound in a molecule. |
| What are the three types of chemical bonds? | Covalent bond,ionic bond,and hydrogen bonds. |
| Covalent Bond | Chemical bonds in which electrons are shared. |
| Single Covalent Bond | Formed when one electron is shared. |
| Double Covalent Bond | When two electrons are shared. |
| Triple Covalent Bond | Formed when three electrons are shared. |
| Polar Molecule | A molecule with oppositely charged ends. |
| Ionic Bond | A type of chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or molecules. |
| Electrostatic Attraction | The force between two particles of opposite electrical charge. |
| Cation | Positively charged ions. |
| Anion | A negatively charged atom or molecule:a negatively charged ion. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak bonds that unite hydrogen with nitrogen or oxygen. |
| Chemical Reaction | A process that results in the creation of new chemicals involving changes in the movement elextrons in forming and breaking chemical bonds. |
| Chemical Equation | A symbolic representation of chemical reaction. |
| Reactants | Substances initially involved in a chemical reaction. |
| Products | The new substance created by the interaction of two or more chemical substances. |
| Synthesis Reaction | A chemical reaction in which elements or simple molecular reactants are combined into a more complex product.The opposite of a decomposition reaction. |
| What is the equation for synthesis reaction? | X+Y=XY |
| Decomposition Reaction | A chemical reaction in which a complex reactant is diided into simpler molecules or elements.The opposite of a synthesis reaction. |
| What is the equation for dexomposition reaction? | XY-->X+Y |
| Exchange Reaction | A chemical reaction in which chemical substances exchange molecules or elements to form different chemical substances.A combination of dexomposition and synthesis reactions. |
| What is the equation for exchange reaction? | WX+YZ-->WY+XZ |
| Activation Energy | The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. |
| Catalyst | Substance that induces chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed. |
| Chemical Elements | Any of 116 know substances that cannot be saparated into smaller substances. |
| Inorganic Compounds | A chemical that does not contain hydrocarbon groups. |
| Organic Compounds | A compound containing hydrocarbon groups. |
| Functional Group | Unique,specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristics chemical reactions of those molecules. |
| What is the difference in inorganic and organic compounds? | Inorganic molecules do not contain hydrocarbon groups and they often have ionic bonding.Organic compounds are molecules that contain hydrocarbon groups and usually are covalently bonded. |
| Water | A very simple molecule that has unique properties. |
| Solutes | Substances that is dissolved in another substance. |
| Solution | Two or more substances mixed homogenously. |
| Solvent | A substance in which another substance is dissolved. |
| Hydrophilic | The tendency of a tissue to absorb or be attracted to water. |
| Hydrophobic | The tendency of a tissue to be repelled by water or to be insoluble. |
| What is the difference in hydrophilic and hydrophobic? | Hydrophilic love water and hydrophobic hate water. |
| What are the unique properties of a water molecule? | Water is universal solvent,An ideal transport medium,has a high heat capacity and a high heat of vaporization,and is used for lubrication. |
| What are some inorganic compounds? | Water,salts,acids and bases |
| Salts | Any ionic compound composed of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions so that the product is electrically neutral. |
| Electrolytes | A substance that conducts an electric current in a solution. |
| Acids | Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydrogen ions and produce a solution with a pH less than 7. |
| Bases | Substances that dissolve in water to yield hydroxyl ions and give the solution a pH greater than 7. |
| Neutralize | To cause the pH of a solution to approach 7(neutral). |
| What is the difference between acids and bases? | Acids release hydrogen ions and bases release hydroxyl ion. |
| What is measured on a pH scale? | Acidity and alkalinity. |
| What does the pH scale range from and what do the numbers stand for? | It ranges from 1 to 14.1 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic. |
| Buffer | A substance that minimizes the change of the acidity of a solution when an acid or base is added to the solution. |
| What are the actions of the buffer system? | They help the cell maintain a neutral pH by not allowing excessive hydrogen or hydroxyl ions to accumulate. |
| Respiatory System | The group of organs that function to fortify blood with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. |
| Organic Molecules | Molecules that contain carbon. |
| Macromolecules | A large molecule consisting of smaller units linked together,such as a polysaccharide or polypeptide. |
| Carbohydrate | One of the essential nutrients necessary for all life functions.They are a quick source of energy and may be stored in the body as glycogen;sugars. |
| Monosaccharide | Simple sugars;single sugar molecule,including glucose,galactose,and fructose. |
| Hexose Sugar | A simple sugar,such as glucose or fructose,that has six carbon atoms per molecule. |
| Pentose Sugar | A simple sugar that has five carbon atoms per molecule.Important to RNA. |
| What are carbohydrates composed of? | Atoms of carbon,hydrogen,and osygen. |
| Disacchaaride | "Two sugars";Includes sucrose,maltose,isomaltose,and lactose. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | The combination of two or more simple materials to form one or more complex materials by removing water. |
| Hydrolysis | One of the most basic and prevalent oife processes.It breaks down more complex materials into simpler ones by adding water. |
| Polysaccharides | "Many sugars";a carbohydrate containing many monosaccharides that may be released in the process of hydrolysis. |
| Glycoprotein | A compound composed of a carbohydrate,usually in the form of sugar,and a protein. |
| Lipids | The group of fatty or fatlike substances that are insoluble in water. |
| What are lipids composed of? | Carbon,hydrogen,and oxygen. |
| What are the four classes of lipids that are important to life? | Neutral fats,phospholipids,steroids,and eicosanoids. |
| Neutral fats | A lipid composed of three fatty acids and a glycerol.Also know as triglycerides. |
| Triglyceride | A glycerol composed of three fatty acids,which are the main storage form of water-insoluble lipids. |
| Glycerol | The main component of triglycerides present in all fats. |
| Fatty Acid | The organic commpounds of hydrogen,oxygen,and carbon that,when mixed with glycerol,form fat. |
| Saturated Fatty Acid | Such as those found in animal fats;have no double bonds in their carbon chains and can therefore accommodate the maximum number of hydrogen atoms;are solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid | Breakdown products of fat metabolism.It refers to the fact that not all chemical binding sites of the molecules are filled. |
| Lipoprotein | A molecule that contains both a lipid and a protein.They often function as transmembrane proteins to transport molecule across cell membranes or transport proteins for the movement of fat molecules in the blood. |
| Phospholipids | A molecule composed of three parts;phosphorus,fatty acids,and a nitrogenous base. |
| Steroids | Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton that contains four fused rings. |
| Eicosanoids | Any of a group of substances derived from 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acids,such as arachidonic acid. |
| Prostaglandins(PGs) | Hormonelike substances that are produced and exert many effects locally in a variety of body tissues. |
| Thromboxane | Also known as platelets.They are small pieces of cytoplasm that break off megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and enter peripheral blood. |
| Leukotrienes | An eicosanoid formed from the activation of white blood cells.They act to sustain inflammation in asthmatic and allergic reactions. |
| Proteins | Large organic compounds that are composed of amino acids held in peptide bonds to form polypeptides. |
| Catalase | An enzyme found in almost all cells that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. |
| What are the components of proteins? | Carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,and nitrogen. |
| Catalyst | Special proteins that hold the reactants together so they may interact. |
| Amino Acid | The basic building block of peptides and proteins. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent joining of one amino acid to another to form peptides,which are the foundation of proteins. |
| Dipeptide | A molecule that consists of two amino acids joined by a single peptide bond. |
| Tripeptide | A peptide that consists of three amino acids. |
| Polypeptide | Chains of more than 10 amino acids;also called oligopeptides. |
| Primary Structure | A long chain of amino acids held together with peptide bonds. |
| Disulfide Bond | A sulfur atom in one part of the protein covalently bonded to a sulfur atom in another part of the protein. |
| Structural Proteins | Proteins that form body structures,such as hair and collagen. |
| Horns | A horny,keratinized extension of the frontal bone in ruminate ungulates. |
| Functional Proteins | Complex proteins bearing a spherical shape.Also called globular proteins. |
| Enzymes | A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body by acting as a catalyst and lowering the temperature necessary for the reaction to take place. |
| Substrates | Substance acted on by an enzyme.May be used to describe nesting material. |
| Electron Transport System | The final and most productive stage of cellular respiration,which takes place inside the mitochondria. |
| Nucleic Acids | The class of substances that include RNA and DNA and are located within the cells of all living things. |
| What are nucleic acids composed of? | Carbon,oxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,and phosphorus. |
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. |
| DNA | The genetic material of a living thing found in strand call chromatin within the nucleus of the cell. |
| What does RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic Acid |
| RNA | The nucleic acid used in protein synthesis. |
| Nucleotides | The combinations of phosphoric acid,pentose sugars,and pyrimidine or purine bases that make up nucleic acids. |
| Chromosomes | Threadlike accumulations of DNA in thee nuclei of cells that are particularly visible during mitosis. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) | A high-energy molecule produced in the mitochondria of cells. |
| Cellular Respiation | The oxidation of organic material to yield energy,carbon dioxide,and water. |
| High-Energy Bonds | Phosphate bonds in ADP and ATP containing large amount of energy. |
| Adenosine Diphosphate(ADP) | The "discharged" form of adenosine triphosphate(ATP).It is a nucleotide that contains two phosphoric acid groups. |
| Adenosine Monophosphate(AMP) | A nucleotide that contains one phosphoric acid group. |
| What are the functions of body proteins? | They catalyze all reactions occurring in the body and they transport ions and other molecules into and out of the cell and around the body. |
| Describe the actions of enzymes. | They speed up a chemical reaction w/out being destroyed or altered,and they are specific to the reation that they catalyze and to their substrated,which are the substance they act upon. |
| What is the electrical charge of each particle? | Neutral. |
| Which particles are in the nucleus of an atom? | Protons and neutrons. |
| How many electron shells would an atom have if it has four electrons? | |
| How does an ionic bond differ from a covalent bond? | Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons and Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. |
| In what circumstance does a hydrogen bond commonly occur? | They are formed mostly between molecules and act to stabilize the solution. |
| What are the three types of chemical reaction? | Synthesis,decomposition,and exchange reaction. |
| The digestion of food uses which type of chemical reation? | Decomposition Reaction. |
| What factors influence the rate of chemical reations? | The Temperature of the environment. |
| Are only organic compounds necessary for life? | No.Inorganic compounds are important to life also. |
| What are the three types of inorganic molecules that are important for life? | Water,Salts,acids and bases. |
| What are the four types of organic molecules that important for life? | Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,and nucleic acids. |
| Why is water called a polar molecule? | Because it has a slight positive charge in the area of the hydrogen atoms and a slight negative charge in the area of the oxygen atom. |
| How is ion different from an atom? | A Ion is a electrically charged atom or molecule and an atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of an element. |
| What are some examples of electrolytes? | aodium ions(NA+) and potassium ions(K+) |
| Which type of compound is known as a proton donor:acid or base? | Acid |
| What does pH measure? | Acidity and alkalinity. |
| Is a solution with a pH of 8.5 acidic or basic? | Basic. |
| How does a weak acid act as a buffer? | It will not ionize completely.It will initially ionize into free H+ ions. |
| What is the name of a simple sugar? | Monosaccharide. |
| What process joins multiple,simple sugars? | Hexose Sugar. |
| What is another name for a complex,multiunit carbohydrate? | Dehydration Synthesis. |
| What three elements are found in all lipids? | Carbon,Hydrogen,and Oxygen. |
| Which arom makes up the backbone of all lipid molecules? | The glycerol molecule and the three fatty acid molecules connect together in the shape of the E with the glycerol molecule making the backbond of the #. |
| Which lipids are polar:neutral fats or phospholipids? | Phospholipids. |
| What is the function of lipids in the body? | They are used in the body for energy and are stored in fat for future energy need.s |
| What element is found in all proteins that is not found in carbohydrates or lipids? | Nitrogen. |
| What is the building block for proteins? | Amino Acids,linked together like the cars of a long train. |
| What is the name of the bond holding two amino acids together? | Dipeptide. |
| What is a peptide? | A molecule containing two or more amino acids joined together. |
| How does an enzyme work? | They speed up a chemical reaction w/out being destroyed or altered,and they are specific to the reaction they catalyze and to their substrates,which are substances they act out upon. |
| How does a nucleotide differ from an amino acid? | Nucleotide are the building blocks for nucleic acids and amino acids are what makes protein unique and defines their function. |
| What three parts compose a nucleotide? | Nitrogenous base,plus a 5-carbon pentose sugar,plus a phosphate group. |
| How many nitrogenous bases are there? | Four. |
| Why is DNA important to life? | It is the molecule that contains all the instructions needed by the cell to buil proteins. |
| How does an ATP molecule differ from a nucleotide? | Nucleotide are used during the forming of an animal and ATP is used once the animal is already formed. |
| How does an ATP molecule supply a cell with energy to do work? | Nutrient are added to the body,and the cells use up the nutrients to create ATP. |
| The binding of sodium and chloride is an example of what bond? | Ionic Bond. |
| substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water are what? | Acids. |
| What are the nitrogen bases found in RNA? | Adenine,guanine,cytosine,and uracil |
| What are the nitrogen bases found in DNA? | Adenine,guanine,cytosine,and thymine. |
| When a concentration gradient is present,dissolved substances move from an area of ____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration.This process is called what? | Higher,lower,and diffusion. |
Created by:
jrledoux@yahoo.com