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PsycologyChapter4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When information arrives from the sense organs. | Sensations |
| When the brain organizes sensations into meaniningful patterns. | Perception |
| Study of the relationship between physical stimui and the sensations they evoke in a human observer. | Psychphysics |
| The minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce sensation. | Absolute Threshold |
| The minimum difference between two stimuli that is detectable to an observer. | Difference Threshold |
| Selective percievingsuch that the individual protects themself from becoming aware of something unpleasant or threatening. | Perceptual Defense |
| Basica elements of a stimulus,such as lines,shapes,edges,or colors. | Perceptual Features |
| The smallest detectable sensation. | Limen |
| Part of the visual system and area attuned to very specific stimuli, such as,lines,shapes,edges,spots,colors,and other patterns. | Feature Detectors |
| What is an example of the Pop-Out Effect? | When a vertical line is in a pattern filled with horizontal lines. It pops out at you. |
| Visual sensations caused by mechanical excitation of the retina. | Phosphenes |
| What is the function of the lens? | Focuses images on a light sensitive layer in the back of the eye. |
| What is the function of photoreceptors? | Light sensitive cells in the retina. |
| What is the function of the retina? | An area about the size and thickness of a postage stamp. A light sensitive layer in the back of the eye. |
| The type of sensation you experience depends on which brain area is activated. | Sensory Localization |
| Difficulty focusing on nearby objects. (farsightedness) | Hyperopia |
| Difficulty focusing on distant objects. (nearsightedness) | Myopia |
| Defects in the cornea,lens,or eye that cause some area of vision to be out of focus. | Astigmatism |
| Farsightedness caused by aging. | Presbyopia |
| Visual receptors for color and daylight visual activity. | Cones |
| Visual receptors for dimm light that produce only black and white sensations. | Rods |
| Shows that vision greatly depends on the brain. | Blind Spot |
| Vision at the edges of the visual field. | Peripheral Vision |
| Visual sensations that persist after a stimulus is removed--like seeing a spot after a flash bulb goes off. | Afterimages |
| A total inability to percieve colors. | Color Blindness |
| An inability to distinguish some colors. | Color Weakness |
| A test for red and green color deficiencies. | Ishihara Test |
| Visible internal part of the ear. | Pinna |
| Set waves in motion. | Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) |
| Three small bones that include incus,stapes,and malleus. | Auditory Ossicles |
| Snail shaped organ that make up the inner ear. | Cochlea |
| Receptor cells within the cochlea that transduce vibrations into the nerve impulses. | Hair Cells |
| Bristles atop each hair cell that brush against the tectorial membrane. | Sterocilia |
| Makes up the center part of the cochlea. | Organ of Corti |
| Damage caused by exposing the hair cells to excessively loud sounds. | Noise induced loss |
| The poor transfer of sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. | Conductive hearing loss |
| The loss of hearing caused by damage to the inner ear cells or auditory nerve. | Sensorineural loss |
| Measure of sound intensity. | Decibel |
| A sortt of "smell blindness" for a single odor. | Dysosmia |
| The complete loss of smell. | Anosmia |
| Holds that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules. | Lock and Key Theory |
| What can cause dysosmia? | Exposure to chemicals such as,ammonia,paints,solvents,and hair dressing potions. |
| What are the 4 basic taste sensations? | sweet,salty,sour, and bitter |
| Experts believe their is a 5th taste sensation called what? | Umami-brothy taste |
| What are the 5 sensations produced by the skin receptors? | touch,pressure,pain,heat,cold |
| Pain based on large nerve fibers;warns that bodily damage may be occuring. | Warning Pain |
| Pain based on small nerve fibers; reminds the brain that the body has been injured. | Reminding Pain |
| People who have this may be ill without knowing it. | Congenital Pain |
| Pain usually arising from the internal organs,that feels like squeezing,cramping,or pressure. | Visceral Pain |
| Pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. | Referred Pain |
| Pain arising from tissues such as skin,muscle,tendon,joint,capsules,fasciae, and bone. | Somatic Pain |
| What is the cause of Phantom Limb? | The body will create a body image called the neuromatrix. |
| How does acupuncture relieve pain? | Inserting needles that activate small pain fibers to close the gates to intense or chronic pain. |
| What are the 4 techniques that can reduce pain? | Counterirritation,contro,anxiety reduction,attention |
| The mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns. | Perception |
| Misleading or misconstructed perception. | Illusion |
| Imaginary Sensation--such as seeing,hearing,or smelling something that does not exist in the external world. | Hallucination |
| Responsible for the perception that one thing has caused another. | Contiguity |
| The tendency to complete a figure, so that it has a consostant overall form. | Closure |
| Perceptions tend toward simplicity and continuity. | Continuity |
| Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together. | Similarity |
| All other things equal,stimuli that are near each other tend to be grouped together. | Nearness |
| Organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object against a less prominent background. | Figure |
| Stimuli that are found in a common area tend to be grouped together. | Common Region |
| Why does camoflage work? | Our perception; we see things that are similar to each other and we group them together. |
| ingrained patterns of organnization and attention that affect our daily experience. | Perceptual Habits |
| Changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience. | Perceptual Learning |
| Percieving the moon as larger when it is low in the sky. | Moon Allusion |
| Molecular depth cues found in paintings,drawings,and photographs that impart information about space,depth,and distance. | Pictorial Depth Cues |
| Features of the enviroment and messages from the body that supply information about distance and space. | Depth Cues |
| What were the main findings of the visual cliff research? | The babies chose the shallow side rather than the deep side. |
| the ability to see three dimentional space and accurately judge distances. | Depth Perception |
| A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus. | Habituation |
| Failure to notice a stimulus because at attention is focused elsewhere. | Inattentional Blindness |
| What is the role of attention in perception? | Perception is not possible without it. |
| What are the 3 types of stimuli that are more attention getting? | Intense,repetitious,unexpected |
| Giving priority to a particular incoming sensory message. | Selective Attention |
| The apparent brightness of objects remain the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light. | Brightness Constancy |
| The percieved shape of an object is unaffected by changes in its retinal image. | Shape Constancy |
| The percieved size of an object remains constant,despite changes in the retinal image. | Size Constancy |
Created by:
jessilyn