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English Words
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Robert Lowth | Wrote The Short Introduction to Grammar. Attempted to have a set of rules passed to tell if a certain word was being used correctly in terms of grammar. |
| Samuel Johnson | Writer who is considered to be the greatest English writer of the second half of the 18th century. His writing affirmed neoclassical ideals but still moved toward a more freeform and modern style. He also published Dictionary of English Grammar in 1755. |
| Heroic Dramas | Tragedies or Tragicomedies about idealized heroes, dastardly villains, and exciting action. They were written in heroic couplets (iambic pentameter lines rhyming in pairs). The plays were attended by the elite in society. |
| Alexander Pope | Poet who suffered from tuberculosis. He translated Homer’s works. He was also part of the Scriblerous Club which was a group of writers who were devoted to writing satires. He was a neoclassicist. |
| Personal Feelings | Neoclassical writers did not reveal their personal feelings, as they attempted to focus on balance, logic, sophistication, and the restraint of emotions. |
| Queen Anne | English ruler from 1702 |
| Glorious Revolution | The Parliament forced King James II to abdicate the throne in 1688. No blood was shed. In his place the parliament appointed William and Mary. They then passed the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of kings. |
| Juvenalian | One of the two types of satire (the other is Horatian). It provokes darker laughter by bitterly criticizing corruption or incompetence with scorn and outrage. An example is Jonathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. |
| Order/ Balance/Reason | The qualities that neoclassical writers wanted to emulate when modeling the works of the ancient Greeks and Romans. |
| Horatian | One of the two types of satire (the other is Juvenalian). It is playful amusing and it seeks to correct vice or foolishness with gentle laughter and understanding. Alexander Pope wrote Horatian satires. |
| John Wesley | Lead an evangelical revival that lead to the the Methodist church as well as a revivalist movement within the church of England. |
| John Locke | Political Philosopher who inspired the Enlightenment by providing a logical justification for the glorious revolution. |
| Epigrams | A two part satirical statement, that started as statements written on tombstones, but eventually developed into a genre of writing. Mastered by Alexander Pope. It is characterized by conciseness, balance, clarity, and wit. |
| Act of Settlement | Passed in 1701 it barred Catholics from the throne. |
| Samuel Pepys | Kept a diary that is the best primary source of life in the Restoration Period. It talks about the The Great Plague of London, and the Second Dutch War. |
| John Dryden | Writer who lamented the lack of systematization in the English language. |
| Overseas Colonization | Brought new variety and growth to the English language, since the new environments demanded new words. |
| Goldsmith, Burns. Gray | Lyrical poets of the 18th century. |
| The Augustan Age | The second of 3 periods in the neoclassical era. It lasted from 1700 |
| The Restoration | The first of 3 periods in the neoclassical era that lasted from 1660 |
| Age of Johnson | The final of the 3 neoclassical period. that lasted from 1750 |
| Restoration Comedies | Comedies influenced by the French “comedy of errors” that satirized the artificial, sophisticated society of the times. |
| Neoclassical Writers | These writers were at the forefront of brit lit from 1660 to the late 1700’s. They focused on balance, logic, sophistication, and restraining emotions. They avoided revealing their own personal feelings. |
| Robert Burns | (Pre Romantic) Scottish Writer who wrote about love, nature, and Scotland. His lyrics were meant to be sung. |
| John Keats | Romantic poet who had a middle class background and who suffered from tuberculosis. He was part of the second generation of romantic writers. |
| Duke of Wellington | Duke who pushed for the catholic emancipation act. |
| William Blake | (Pre Romantic) Poet who explored the nature of good vs evil. |
| William Pitt the Younger | Prime minister who wanted to give voting rights to the Irish. When King George III said no, he left England. He eventually was called back in 1804 to help beat Napoleon. |
| Waterloo | Battle in 1815 where Napoleon was finally defeated. |
| Lyrical Ballads | A collection of poems written by Samuel Coleridge and William Wordsworth. Published in 1798. |
| Horatio Nelson | Lead the British fleet to victory over the French at the battle Trafalgar off the coast of Spain. He died during the battle. |
| Lord Byron | Part of the second generation of romantic poets. He was from the upper class and he helped to popularize the brooding self absorbed romantic hero. |
| Daniel O’ Connell | The first Irishman in Congress. |
| Noah Webster | American who developed the American Spelling Book and the American Dictionary of the English Language. These books changed the spelling in words in America. (example: British people spell color as colour and center as centre.) |
| Sir Robert Peel | British politician who revamped the criminal code and organized a police force. |
| Robert Southey | One of the lake poets who wrote many poems, letters, essays, and biographies. |
| Samuel Coleridge | Poet who focused on exotic experiences by letting his imagination wander in realms of mystery and supernatural. |
| Lake Poets | Samuel Coleridge, Dorothy Wordsworth, and William Wordsworth. They wrote in the Lake District of northwestern England. They rejected the world of science and industry feeling that insight into human experience flows most from nature. |
| George IV | Scandalous King who ruled in the early 1800’s. Victoria worked hard not to be scandalous like him. |
| Chartism Movement | Movement that pushed for universal male suffrage. They failed. |
| Robert Browning | Poet who pioneered the verse form called the dramatic monologue. |
| Prince Albert | German cousin of Queen Victoria who was married to Victoria for 21 years before his death. (She lived as a widow for 40 more years, and was reportedly, depressed, reclusive and cynical following his death.) |
| Realism | A style of writing that tried to capture everyday life as it is really lived, it focused on the aspects of the Industrial Revolution, it brought social problems to the public’s attention, and it focused on psychological aspects of life. |
| Queen Victoria | Queen of England from 1837 |
| Lord Gladstone | One of the two politicians who dominated the British political scene after Palmerston’s death. He thought that England should let go of its colonies and worry about its own problems. He and Victoria did not get along. He was a prime minister. |
| Lord Melbourne | Leader of the Whigs in the 1830’s. Under his leadership slavery was abolished, child labor was restricted, and the Reform Bill of 1832 was passed. |
| Second Reform Bill | Bill from 1867 that extended voting rights to working class males, improved housing and sanitation standards, improved factory conditions, and legalized unions. |
| Joseph Lister | Doctor who introduced antiseptic surgery. |
| Lord Palmerston | Moderate Whig who effectively served as the Prime Minister of England in the 1830’s, 40’s, and 50’s. He annexed New Zealand, acquired Hong Kong, beat Russia in the Crimean War, and gave Turkey their sovereignty. |
| Rudyad Kipling | British writer who championed imperialism with his stories about India. |
| Euphemisms | Mild, indirect, or vague terms substituted for harsh or offensive words. The concept was developed in the Victorian age which was famous for its propriety. |
| Hypocrisy/Prudishness | The Victorians were very prim and proper and yet they enjoyed hearing about scandals. |
| Constitutional Monarchy | Government system in which the monarch is kept in check by a constitution and a governing body (in the case of England it is the parliament). |
| Brooke/Mansfield | Poets who had a strong romantic spirit. |
| Easter Uprising | On Easter, 1916 Irish nationalists rebelled against the government by seizing the post office in Dublin. Failed, but the punishment they received ended up bringing them much sympathy, and in 1921 Northern Ireland was formed as an independent state. |
| Marne, 9/14/14 | The first battle that used trench warfare in WWI. |
| Policy of Appeasement | The British and French let Hitler take over countries to keep a major conflict from happening. |
| Archduke Ferdinand | Heir to the throne of Austria Hungary, who was assassinated on June 28th 1914, which lead to WWI. |
| 9/1/39 | On this day Hitler invaded Poland, effectively starting WWII. |
| Lenin | Leader of the Bolsheviks in Russia who in 1917 gained control of Russia and started a communist government. |
| Royal Air Force | Defended England from the German bombers during the Battle of Britain. (WWII) |
| Female Suffrage | Allowing women to vote. |
| Labor Party | Party that dominated parliament after WWII. They started a welfare state, nationalized healthcare, and other industries like steel, coal, and railroads. They also gave up the rest of the british colonies. |
| Russian Czar | Was murdered in 1917 after his government was overthrown. |
| T.S. Eliot | Writer who presented the world as bleak and fragmentary. Used stream of consciousness and free verse. |
| Treaty Versailles | Treaty that ended WWI. It was very harsh to the side that lost, which set up the rise of dictators in those nations. |
| Owen/Sassoon | Poets who wrote about the bleakness of war. They wrote about WWI. |
| Irish Literary Renaissance | Movement by such romantic writers as W.B. Yeats and Lady Gregory. The movement was propelled by the growing Irish nationalism and renewed interest in the Celtic myths and legends. |
Created by:
jmcnamara712
Popular English Vocabulary sets