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Final Exam 7th Grade
FInal Exam 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 6 characteristics of living things? | 1. have cells 2. have DNA 3. reproduce 4. grow and develop 5. use energy 6. sense and respond to change |
| What is homeostasis? | The maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment Example: body temp and human muscles |
| What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction? | • Sexual reproduction: 2 parents produce a variation. Both parents contribute to genetics • Asexual reproduction: 1 parent. Genetically identical offspring compared to parent |
| List the 4 necessities of life | Minerals, energy, oxygen, water |
| What are the three parts of the cell theory? | • All organisms are made of one or more cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living organisms • All cells come from cells that preexist |
| What are some characteristics of a prokaryotic cell? | no membrane bound organelles, lacks an organized nucleus, less organelles, smaller |
| What are some characteristics of a eukaryotic cell? | membrane bound organelles, nucleus, more organelles, more complex |
| What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular? | Unicellular- single cell Multicellular- more than one cell |
| Name 4 differences between the animal and plant cell | • Animal cell- less organelles, flagella, circular • Plant cell- more organelles, cell wall, chloroplasts, square, goes through photosynthesis, vacuole |
| What is the function of the cell membrane? | outermost part of ALL cells, acts as a door allowing things in and out of the cell |
| What is the function of the cell wall? | found only in plant and prokaryotic cells. Helps give plants a sturdy shape, made of cellulose |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | acts as the “brain” of the cell, controls cell activities. |
| What is the function of the mitochondria? | “mighty” , powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration happens ( sugars are broken down to release energy) |
| What is the function of the cytoplasm? | jelly-like substance that holds organelles in place |
| What is the function of the chloroplast? | found only in plant cells, where photosynthesis happens. |
| How are multicellular organisms organized? | Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism |
| What does it mean to cross pollinate two flowers? | Needs to be pollinated by birds, bees, wind |
| What are genes? | set of instructions for an inherited trait, determines the trait |
| What is an allele? | Alternative forms of a gene that govern a characteristic- Pp, P-allele from mom and p-allele from dad. Both of these alleles will be a different form of a gene |
| What is genotype? | the genetic makeup of an organism (Pp) |
| What is phenotype? | the physical appearance of an organism ( purple flowers) |
| What is a punnett square used for? | a diagram used to figure out that probability of getting specific genetic traits |
| What does homozygous mean? | two of the same alleles either homozygous dominant (PP) or homozygous recessive (pp) or purebred |
| What does heterozygous mean? | Two different size alleles (Pp) or hybrid |
| What does dominant mean in terms of genetics? | Two big alleles, more common in populations |
| What does recessive mean in terms of genetics? | two small alleles, less likely to show up until both parents carry a recessive allele |
| What is probability? | the likelihood chance) that a possible event will occur |
| Describe incomplete dominance | When there is no dominant trait and alleles blend together (R=red and r =white, but Rr= pink) |
| How does sex-linked disorders happen? | • are carried on the X- chromosome and can only be passed from a mother to her daughter or son, or a male to his daughter. All of the X’s need to be infected. |
| What is heredity? | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring |
| What is DNA? What does it stand for? | deoxyribonucleuic acid, double helix- genetic blueprint that contains all of the information that determines who you ar |
| What is the special shape of DNA? | double helix, twisted ladder |
| What are the “handrails” or sides of DNA made out of? | alternating sugar and phosphates |
| What are the “steps” or rungs of DNA made out of? | nitrogenous bases A,T,C, G |
| Name the 4 nitrogenous bases. How do they pair up? | Adenine & Thymine and Cytosine & Guanine |
| What is a mutation? What caused it to does it happen? | when the order of the bases of a DNA strand are modified . Can happen by a random error when DNA is copied, by radiation, too much exposure to sunlight or smoke. |
| What is evolution? | the change in hereditary features of an organisms gradually over time |
| Explain what an adaptation is? Give two examples | a characteristics that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Ex. Long neck, camouflage |
| What is natural selection? | These organisms will produce more offspring and therefore pass on their dominant their traits. Nature is “selecting” organisms for survival based on their fitness and favorable traits. |
| What does it mean to say “survival of the fittest” | The fittest are those whose adaptations match their environment.; their offspring inherit these traits and thus are more likely to survive |
| Briefly explain Darwin’s contribution to science. | theory of evolution is still accepted today, favorable/dominant trait will be passed on to the next generation, natural selection and survival of the fittest through generations, variation |
| What is a variation? How does variation in a population happen? | The appearance of an inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of the same species. |
| What evidence did Darwin collect? | Studied finches and observed characteristics of organisms Fossils, plants, and animals |
| What evidence supports the theory of evolution? | • Homologous animal parts • Natural selection • Fossils • Survival of the fittest • Adaptation/variatio |
| Define classification | Putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics. |
| Describe the animal and plant kingdom | • Animal- multicellular, most complex, can move freely • Plant- multicellular, green, goes through photosynthesis |
| Explain the process of photosynthesis | The process by which plants uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose (sugar) energy. They give off oxygen. Happens in the chloroplasts. Plants form the bases of the food chain. |
| Explain the process of cellular respiration | The process by which plants (and other organisms) breakdown glucose and other food molecules to produce energy. Happens in the mitochondria. |
| What is the difference between a vertebrate and invertebrate | Vertebrates are animals with backbones also called chordates. Backbone is a strong and flexible. Invertebrates have no backbone. |
| What is an embryo? | An organism in its early stage in development. |
| Define multicelluar | Multicellular- an organisms with more than one cell |
| What is a eukaryotic cell? | A cell that has a nucleus. Can be found in animal, plant, some fungus, and some protists |
| Describe the difference between abiotic and biotic | Abiotic-is non-living factor in an environment • Biotic- is living or once lived factor in an environment |
| what is ecology? | The study of interactions of living things with one another and their environment. |
| List the 5 levels of biological organization | Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
| What is a producer? | makes its own food and is at the base of a food chain |
| What is a consumer? | an organism that needs to eat other organisms for energy |
| What is an herbivore? | a organism that eats only plants ex. Panda |
| What is a carnivore? | a organism that eats only meat ex. pig |
| What is an omnivore? | an organism that eats plant and meat ex. Humans |
| What is a food chain? | A is a pathway of energy that transfers through various stages and series of organisms, shows the transfer of energy from one organism to another |
| What is a food web? | A diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms in the ecosystem. Many interlocking relationships |
| Describe how the energy pyramid works | A diagram that shows the loss of energy in an ecosystem. The bottom the pyramid has the most energy and it decreases as we go up this. |
| What is a limiting factor? | anything that limits the size of a populations ex. Food, shelter, and water |
| What is carrying capacity? | the largest amount of organisms that a population can successfully support at one time |
| What is the difference between predator and prey? | Predator- an organisms that eats other organisms ex.frog • Prey-the organism being eaten by other organisms ex-fly |
| What is symbiosis? | a close, long-term association between two or more species |
| Name the three types of symbiotic relationships? | • Mutualism- both organism benefit • Commensalism- one organism benefits and one isn’t effected • Parasitism- one organism benefits and one is negatively effected |
| What are the steps of the water cycle? | Step 1: evaporation- the changing of water from a liquid to a vapor-gas Step 2: condensation is the changing of water from a vapor to a liquid Step 3: precipitation is water falling from the atmosphere to anywhere on earth |
| What is one advantage of genetic engineering ? | • Will make the organism MORE successful in its environment • Might create a more dominant organism with more “elite” traits |
| What is one disadvantage of genetic engineering | • Could damage the DNA of the organisms causing a harmful mutation • Will Could kill the organism |
| Provide an example of genetic engineering? | • Taking the seed producing gene out of a watermelon to make it seedless • Mixing the light gene from a firefly with a plant to make it glow |
| Describe two ways that global temperature can rise | Vehicle emissions, Volcanoes , Forest fires , Burning of fossils fuels |
| What is a fossil fuel? | Material that was created through the fossils and remains of dead plants and animals that are millions of years old. |
| Describe a positive impact that fossil fuels can have on the environment | Provide humans with energy and Provides jobs for workers |
| Give two examples of non-renewable resources | Fossil fuels - coal, oil |
| Give two examples of renewable resources | Sun, water, wind |
| What are two negative impacts that humans can have on the Earth? | Littering - can harm the wildlife Releasing chemicals into lakes - polluting the water Cutting down too many trees - kill habitat for organisms |
| What are two positive impacts that humans can have on the Earth? | Recycling by product - plastics, paper, aluminum Carpooling to work |
| What is selective breeding? | The process by which HUMANS are using animal or plant breeding to intentionally get specific traits they what. Nature has no influence on this type of breeding. |
| What story can fossils tell us that helps with evolution? | Can determine the age of organisms Look for common ancestors Can look for similarities and |
| What does it mean to be "fit"? | Stronger, smarter, healthier are more likely to survive |
| How does igneous rock form? | Formed when magma cools above or below the Earth’s surface |
| How does Metamorphic rock form? | Formed from pressure and extreme heat deep beneath the Earth’s surface, often caused from friction of the Earth’s plates |
| How does sedimentary rock form? | Formed when sun, mud, and pebbles get deposited in layers and are then squashed below more and more layers |
| What changes to the Earth effect the rock cycle? | Weathering and Erosion Compact and cementation Heat and Pressure Movement of tectonic plates Eruption of volcanos Earthquakes |
| Describe the process of decomposition | The process by which materials containing carbon are broken down by organisms and returned back into the atmosphere. Sometimes done by organisms to get energy. |
| Describe the process of combustion | The process by which an organic substance (one that contains carbon, such as oil or coal) is burned and CO2 is released into the atmosphere. |
| What is a scavenger? | an organism that eats the mostly the flesh of dead organisms |
| Give an example of something organisms can be competing for in the wild. | Food, shelter, space, a mate |
| What are three types of genetic mutations? | Insertion Deletion Substitution |
| Explain how memories are sent and received to the brain | Memories are made by using your senses and relating current events to past experiences. Your nerves send signals to your brain You build relationships and patterns to help you remember things more |
| What is an organelle? | Structures that perform specific functions (jobs) within the cell Similar to organs in your body |
| What are five pieces of lab safety equipment? | Fire blanket Fire extinguisher Call button Goggles Eye wash/sink |
| Name three lab safety rules | No running in the lab No touching the equipment until you're approved to do so Wear all approved lab safety equipment such as goggles and aprons |
Created by:
mlugerner