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Practice deck
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nouns | are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures(dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) and abstract ideas (love) as if they were all "things." |
| Articles | are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those "things" (You can have a banana or an apple) or identifying them as already known (I'll take the apple). |
| Adjectives | An adjective is used to modify or describe a noun, or in some cases an adverb: Ugly dog, beautiful tree, tasty soup. |
| Verbs | are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and states (be, have) involving people and things in events (Jessica is ill and has a sore throat so she can't talk or go anywhere). |
| Adverbs | are words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some (really, very) are also used with adjectives to modify information about things (Really large objects move slowly. |
| Prepositions | are words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place (on the table, near the window) and other connections (with a knife, without a thought) involving actions and things. |
| Pronouns | A pronoun is a term used in place of a noun: she, you, they, we, and it. |
| Conjunctions | are words (and, but, because, when) used to make connections and indicate relationships between events (Chantel's husband was so sweet and he helped her a lot because she couldn't do much when she was pregnant). |
| possessive adjective | A possessive adjective is used along with a noun to indicate that someone has ownership or possession over that noun. This is similar to a possessive pronoun, but remember, an adjective ALWAYS modifies/describes a noun. |
| possessive adjective examples | Example: Her car. "Her" is a possessive adjective because it modifies the noun "car". Her > car. Example 2: The car is hers. "Hers" is a possessive pronoun because it isn't modifying a noun. |
| possessive pronoun | A possessive pronoun replaces a possessive noun. Example: The car is Sally's. "Sally" is a noun (person, place, thing...). By adding 's Sally becomes a possessive noun. We then replace Sally with "her" and we have a possessive pronoun. |
| Possessive adjective | modifies a noun |
| Inflectional affixes | follow derivational suffixes in the order they appear in a word follow derivational suffixes in the order they appear in a word inflectional affixes are always suffixes, never prefixes or infixes |
| derivational affixes | often change the category of the base morpheme |
| semantic drift | when a word accrues some additional feature of meaning independent from its morphological word. |
| phonological change | a change in the sound of a word, usually due to the addition of an affix |
| semantic change | a change in the meaning of the stem of a word when adding an affix |
| phonetics | the study of the articulatory and acoustic properties of sounds |
| phonology | the abstract principles that govern the distribution of sound in a language |
| lexicon | the list of words for any language |
| phonetics and phonology | the subfields of linguistics that study the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in the human language |
| morphology | the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationships among words |
| syntax | the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of sentences and the relationships among their component parts |
| semantics | the subfield of linguistics that studies the nature of the meaning of individual words, and the meaning of words grouped into phrases and sentences |
| pragmatics | the subfield of linguistics that studies the use of words in the actual context of discourse |
| what are words? (two definitions) | not all sound sequences are words, and not all words have a meaning (such as "it") |
| simple words | a simple word is one that cannot be analyzed or broken down any further into meaningful parts |
| complex words | the complex word is it worth it can be broken down into one or more meaningful parts |
| complex plural forms | complex plural forms are made up of a simple noun followed by the plural ending |
| morphemes | the minimal units of word building in a language; they cannot be broken down any further into recognizable are meaningful parts |
| base morphemes | the morpheme to which an affix is attached |
| plural morphemes | a morpheme where the plural ending/suffixes |
| free morphemes versus bound morphemes | a free morpheme can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase, but a bound morpheme cannot ex. the free morpheme "boy" in standalone, but the morpheme " s", used to make free morphemes plural, cannot stand alone. " |
| The three types of affixes | prefixes, affixes, infixes (infixes do not exist in the English language) |
| first person singular | I |
| second person singular | you |
| third person singular | he, she, it |
| first | person plural |
| second person plural | you |
| third person plural | they |
| open class words | an unlimited number of new words can be created and added to these classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) |
| closed-class words | |
| Conjunctions | and, or |
| Articles | the, a |
| Demonstratives | this, that |
| Quantifiers | all, most , some, few |
| Prepositions | to, from, at, with |
| neologisms | creating new words |
| coined words | entirely new, previously nonexistent words |
| acronyms | words formed from the abbreviation, or shortening of two or more words, usually in a string. Acronyms differ from alphabetic abbreviations because the new words created from these abbreviations are spoken as if the acronym was a word itself GUI ("gooey") |
| alphabetic abbreviations | similar to acronyms these are new words formed by the abbreviation of entire terms |
| clipped abbreviations | "prof" for professor "Dr." for Doctor |
| orthographic abbreviations | Spelling of a word has been shortened but it's pronunciation is not necessarily altered ? AZ (Arizona) ? MB (megabyte) |
| blends | New words formed from existing ones by various blending processes Motel = motor hotel Infomercial = information commercial |
| generified words | Generally these come from name brand items whose title we come to use as generic names for similar items Kleenex is a brand of tissue yet many people refer to all tissues as Kleenex |
| proper nouns | a trait, quality, act, or some behavior associated with a person becomes identified with that person's name (guillotine, hooker) |
| direct borrowings | words that are borrowed from other languages with little to no change to their spelling croissant (French), aloha (Hawaiian), sushi (Japanese) |
| changing the meaning of words to form a new word | a new meaning can become associated with an existing word |
| metaphorical extension | the meaning of an existing word is modified when the language does not seem to have just the right expression for certain purposes. The language does not gain a new word, but since a word is being used in a new way, the language has been augmented |
| metaphorical extension example | we use the nautical words dock, ship, and sailing synonymously with those having to do with space travel. Docking bay 1, space ship, and sailing through space. |
| broadening | The use of an existing word can become broader The word "cool" was originally only used by jazz musicians, but now is applied to almost anything conceivable indicating the approval of the thing in question |
| narrowing | the opposite of broadening, narrowing occurs when the meaning of a word has a broad use that is narrowed down to something more specific |
| semantic drift | Over time the meaning of words can change the word lady is the result of a compound of two words hlaf and dighe |
| reversals | the word bad came to have a positive connotation roughly meaning "emphatically good" |
| compounding | Individual words are joined together to form a compound word ex. the noun ape can be joined with the noun man to form the compound noun ape |
| transitive verbs | verbs that occur with objects Pat read the book. ( read + the book = transitive verb + object) |
| intransitive verbs | verbs that do not occur with objects Pat died. (died = intransitive verb with no following object) |
| back formation | Backformation is the process of using a word formation rule to analyze a morphologically simple word as if it were a complex word in order to arrive at a new simpler form |
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