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English
Persuasive Techniques
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active and Passive Voice | provides objective or subjective tone |
| Alliteration | repetition of initial consonant sounds |
| Assonance | repetition of vowel sounds |
| Appeals | attempt to persuade through emotional manipulation; targeting of particular interests or concerns |
| Attack | means of criticising or opposing an individual or idea |
| Bias | an overt preference or sympathy for a particular point of view |
| Cliche | overused or hackneyed phrase or opinion which shows lack of original thought |
| colourful language | vulgar or rude language, particularly unusual or distinctive expressions |
| connotation | positive or negative implications; loaded language; used to evoke an idea or feeling |
| evidence | material used in support of an argument |
| evidence e.g. | expert testimony, research findings, anecdotal evidence, facts and stats |
| impacts/effects of evidence | lends argument weight, and gives author credibility |
| formal/informal language | formal: more elaborate, sophisticated, adhering to Standard Australian English informal: colloquial everyday or slang terms |
| impacts/effects of formal/informal language | formal creates sophisticated, authorative style, lend weight to argument, command respect, informal: conversational, establish rapport with audience, humorous, appeals to sense of identity |
| generalisation | broad statement inferred from specific cases |
| impacts/effects of generalisation | seeks to validate theory or contention, can be inferred to be evidence by a naive audience, |
| gesture | use of body and face to communicate meaning and positive/negative sentiments |
| impacts/effects of gesture | helps convey arguments and moods, can make subject feel welcome or intimidated |
| humour | the quality of being amusing, through use of irony, puns, sarcasm, satire, wit etc |
| impacts/effects of humour | often denigrates the subject, can provide engaging and friendly tone, can sway audience by having them enter the joke |
| impacts/effects of active and passive voice | active: direct clear passive: indirect, detached |
| impacts/effects of alliterations and assonance | adds emphasis, reinforces meaning. draws attention to key words or ideas, can create an emotive image, memorable. |
| impacts/effects of appeals | triggers an emotional response, evoke feelings of guilt, shame,concern, fear,or pride, honour, satisfaction etc |
| impacts/effects of attack | belittles opponents argument, may lend weight to those of author, can help author argue from position of authority |
| impacts/effects of cliche | can sway audience by appealing to something which they are familiar, may alienate sophisticated audience |
| impacts/effects of colourful language | can provide humour, may offend more conservative audience, establishes informal register (friendly, one of us on level) |
| impacts/effects of connotation | encourages audience (either subtly or overtly) to accept an implication, seeks to persuade audience to share particular view of person or event |
| hyperbole/exaggeration | exaggeration or overstatement used to imply something is better or worse, more/less important etc |
| impacts/effects of hyperbole/exaggeration | creates dramatic effect, often through imagery, argues through employment of "shock tactics" ; appeals to fear |
| imagery, figurative language | use of images and metaphorical (nonliteral) language to illustrate points and make comparisons: similes, metaphors etc |
| impacts/effects of imagery | paints a word picture for audience. illustrates point visually and by comparisons. author may appear sophisticated, well spoken.can have emotional impact |
| inclusive/exclusive language | use of personal pronouns (I, you, we, our, their etc) to either involve or distinguish/alienate |
| impacts/effects of inclusive/exclusive language | targets or accuses particular groups, can create a sense of solidarity, can create us and them mentality, can encourage a sense of responsibility |
| irony | humour found in contradictory situations, often highlighted through use of sarcasm |
| impacts/effects of irony | can engender support through use of humour. can evoke an emotional response, encourages audience to see flimsy logic in situation or statement |
| logic | reason, the use of justifiable and valid arguments to sway an audience |
| impacts/effects of logic | appeals to reason rather than emotions, therefore lends credibility, sound logic is hard to refute, offers proofs and solutions |
| repetition | reuse of words or phrases for effect |
| impacts/effects of repetition | memorable, enables a word or phrase to be held and recalled, highlights main ideas, creates a hypnotic rhythm |
| rhetorical question | a question that does not require an answer |
| impacts/effects of rhetorical question | encourages audience to consider issue and accept authors answer, can imply that answer is obvious and that anyone who disagrees is foolish, |
| sarcasm | use of irony to mock or to show contempt, by implying the opposite of what is actually said |
| impacts/effects of sarcasm | can provide humour, serves to mock or question the logic or a situation, undermines its validity |
| satire | use of exaggeration or caricature to expose, criticise or ridicule |
| impacts/effects of satire | makes a point in a humorous fashion, serves to mock or question a situation, |
| sensationalism | use of provocative language and images and exaggeration |
| impacts/effects of sensationalism | appeals to audience's curiosity and prejudices, reinforces stereotypes, |
| appeals e.g. | fear, justice, compassion, patriotism, family values, hip-pocket nerve, being up to date, self interest, sense of insecurity, humanitarian instincts |
| appeals can be aimed at: | compassionate citizens, parents working full time, single, young professionals, working class citizens, conservative parents, sports enthusiasts, people interested in deeper topics |
| types of attacks: | mudslinging: ugly truth - negative accusations, attributing fault or unpleasant characteristics to that person scapegoating: blaming another individual or group for actions of a much broader group slander: the act of falsely defaming another person |
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