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PSYCHOLOGY/GARRETT
CH 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PSYCHOLOGY | IS THE SYSTEMATIC, SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL PROCESSES. |
| DESCRIBE PSYCHOLOGY | THE FIRST GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IS TO DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT WAYS THAT ORGANISMS BEHAVE. |
| EXPLAIN PSYCHOLOGY | THE SECOND GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IS TO EXPLAIN THE CAUSES OF BEHAVIOR. |
| PREDICT PSYCHOLOGY | THE THIRD GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IS TO PREDICT HOW ORGANISMS WILL BEHAVE IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS. |
| CONTROL PSYCHOLOGY | FOR SOME PSYCHOLOGISTS, THE FOURTH GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY IS TO CONTROL AN ORGANISMS'S BEHAVIOR |
| 1 BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | FOCUSUS ON HOW OUR GENES, HORMONES, AND NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OUR ENVIRONMENTS TO INFLUENCE LEARNING, PERSONALITY, MEMORY, MOTIVATION, EMOTIONS, AND COPING TECHNIQUES. |
| 2 COGNITIVE APPROACH | EXAMINES HOW WE PROCESS, STORE, AND USE INFORMATION AND HOW THIS INFORMATION INFLUENCES WHAT WE ATTEND TO, PERCEIVE, LEARN, REMEMBER, BELIEVE, AND FEEL. |
| 3 BEHAVIORAL APPROACH | STUDIES HOW ORGANISMS LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS OR MODIFY EXISTING ONES, DEPENDING ON WHETHER EVENTS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS REWARD OR PUNISH THESE BEHAVIORS. |
| 4 PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH | STRESSES THE INFLUENCE OF UNCONSCIOUS FEARS, DESIRES, AND MOTIVATIONS ON THOUGHTS, BEHAVIORS, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS LATER IN LIFE. |
| 5 HUMANISTIC APPROACH | EMPHASIZES THAT EACH INDIVIDUAL HAS GREAT FREEDOM IN DIRECTING HIS OR HER FUTURE, A LARGE CAPACITY FOR PERSONAL GROWTH, A CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF INTRINSIC WORTH, AND ENORMOUS POTENTIAL FOR SELF-FULFILLMENT. |
| 7 EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH | STUDIES HOW EVOLUTIONARY IDEAS, SUCH AS ADAPTATION AND NATURAL SELECTION, EXPLAIN HUMAN BEHAVIORS AND MENTAL PROCESSES. |
| BIOLOGICAL APPROACH | EXAMINES HOW OUR GENES, HORMONES, AND NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH OUR ENVIRONMENTS TO INFLUENCE LEARNING, PERSONALITY, MEMORY MOTIVATION, EMOTIONS, AND OTHER TRAITS AND ABILITIES. |
| COGNITIVE APPROACH | FOCUSES ON HOW WE PROCESS, STORE, AND USE INFORMATION AND HOW THIS INFORMATION INFLUENCES WHAT WE ATTEND TO, PERCEIVE, LEARN, REMEMBER, BELIEVE, AND FEEL. |
| BEHAVIORAL APPROACH | ANALYZES HOW ORGANISMS LEARN NEW BEHAVIORS OR MODIFY EXISTING ONES, DEPENDING ON WHETHER EVENTS IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS REWARD OR PUNISH THESE BEHAVIORS. |
| SKINNER'S IDEAS | STRESS THE STUDY OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS, THE IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL REINFORCERS, AND THE EXCLUSION OF MENTAL PROCESSES. |
| BANDURA'S SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACH | BEHAVIORS ARE INFLUENCED NOT ONLY BY ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS AND REINFORCERS BUT ALSO BY OBSERVATION, IMITAION, AND THOUGHT PROCESSES. |
| PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH | IS BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES GREATLY INFLUENCE THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATER PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. |
| SIGMUND FREUD IDEA | THAT THE FIRST FIVE YEARS HAVE A PROFOUND EFFECT ON LATER PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT. |
| 6 CROSS-CULTURAL APPROACH | EXAMINES THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL AND ETHNIC SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF A CULTURE'S MEMBERS. |
| WILHELM WUNDT | ESTABLISHED THE FIRST PSYCHOLOGY LABORATORY IN 1879, IN LEIPZIG, GERMANY. |
| STRUCTURALISM/ WILHELM WUNDT | WAS THE STUDY OF THE MOST BASIC ELEMENTS, PRIMARILY SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS, THAT MAKE UP OUR CONSCIOUS MENTAL EXPERIENCES. |
| INTROSPECTION/WILHELM WUNDT | WAS A METHOD OF EXPLORING CONSCIOUS MENTAL PROCESSES BY ASKING SUBJECTS TO LOOK INWARD AND REPORT THEIR SENSATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS. |
| FUNCTIONALISM/ WILLIAM JAMES (US) | WHICH WAS THE STUDY OF THE FUNCTION RATHER THAN THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS, WAS INTERESTED IN HOW OUR MINDS ADAPT TO OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT. |
| GESTALT APPROACH | EMPHASIZES THAT PERCEPTION IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS AND STUDIED HOW SENSATIONS ARE ASSEMBLED INTO MEANINGFUL PERCEPTUAL EXPERIENCES. |
| GESTALT MEANS/ MAX WERTHEIMER | WHOLE PATTERN |
| JOHN B. WATSON | WHOSE GOAL SHOULD BE THE ANALYSIS OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS |
| BEHAVIORAL APPROACH/ JOHN B. WATSON | EMPHASIZED THE OBJECTIVE, SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF OBSERVABLE BEHAVIORS. |
| MARY CALKINS | WAS NOT GIVEN A PHD BECAUSE SHE WAS A WOMAN. |
| INEZ PROSSER | WAS THE FIRST BLACK WOMAN TO GET A PHD IN 1933. |
| GEORGE SANCHEZ | FOUND INTELLIGENCE TESTS WERE CULTURALLY BIASED. |
| SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY | INVOLVES THE STUDY OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS, STEREOTYPES, PREJUDICES, ATTITUTEDS, CONFORMITY, GROUP BEHAVIORS, AGGRESSION, AND ATTRACTION. |
| SOMETHING A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST MIGHT STUDY... | FAINTING AND THE REACTION OF OTHER PEOPLE. |
| DEVELOPMENTAL PSCHOLOGY | EXAMINES MORAL, SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THROUGHOUT A PERSON'S ENTIRE LIFE. |
| SOMETHING A DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST MIGHT STUDY... | CHANGES IN SELF ESTEEM THROUGH THE LIFE SPAN. |
| EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY | INCLUDES THE AREAS OF SENSATION, PERCEPTION, LEARNING, HUMAN PERFORMANCE, MOTIVATION, AND EMOTION. |
| COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY | INVOLVES HOW WE PROCESS, STORE AND RETRIEVE INFORMATION AND HOW COGNITIVE PROCESSES INFLUENCE OUR BEHAVIORS. |
| SOMETHING A COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST MIGHT STUDY... | IS ARTIFICIAL INELEGANCE. |
| OF THE THREE WHICH RESEARCH METHOD IS BEST? | SURVEY |
| SURVEY | IS THE WAY TO OBTAIN INFORMATION BY ASKING MANY INDIVIDUALS EITHER PERSON TO PERSON, BY TELEPHONE, OR BY MAIL TO ANSWER A FIXED SET OF QUESTIONS ABOUT PARTICULAR SUBJECTS. |
| CASE STUDY | IS AN IN DEPTH ANALYSIS OF THE THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, BELIEFS, EXPERIENCES, BEHAVIORS, OR PROBLEMS OF A SINGLE INDIVIDUAL. |
| EXPERIMENT | IS A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS BY FOLLOWING A SET OF RULES AND GUIDELINES THAT MINIMIZE THE POSSIBILITY OF ERROR, BIAS, AND CHANCE OCCURRENCES. |
| HOW CAN SURVEYS BE BIASED? | BY HOW QUESTIONS ARE WORDED AND BY INTERVIEWING A GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO DO NOT REPRESENT THE GENERAL POPULATION. |
| PLACEBO EFFECT | IS A CHANGE IN THE PATIENTS ILLNESS THAT IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO AN IMAGINED TREATMENT RATHER THAN TO A MEDICAL TREATMENT. |
| POSITIVE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT | INDICATES THAT AS ONE EVENT TENDS TO INCREASE, THE SECOND EVENT TENDS TO BUT DOES NOT ALWAYS INCREASE. |
| NEGATIVE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT | INDICATES THAT AS ONE EVENT TENDS TO INCREASE, THE SECOND EVENT TENDS TO BUT DOES NOT ALWAYS DECREASE. |
| WHAT IS THE ONLY TYPE OF RESEARCH THAT CAN ESTABLISH CAUSE AND EFFECT? | AN EXPERIMENT |
| NATURALISTIC SETTING | IS A RELATIVELY NORMAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH RESEARCHERS GATHER INFORMATION BY OBSERVING INDIVIDUALS BEHAVIORS WITHOUT ATTEMPTING TO CHANGE OR CONTROL THE SITUATION. |
| LABORATORY SETTING | INVOLVES STUDYING INDIVIDUALS UNDER SYSTEMATIC AND CONTROLLED CONDITIONS, WITH MANY OF THE REAL WORLD INFLUENCES ELIMINATED. |
| LABORATORY EXPERIMENT | IS A TECHNIQUE TO GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT A BRAIN, GENES, OR BEHAVIOR WITH THE LEAST ERROR AND BIAS BY USING A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT THAT ALLOWS CAREFUL OBSERVATION AND MEASUREMENT. |
| STANDARDIZED TEST | WHICH MEANS THAT THE TEST HAS BEEN GIVEN TO HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE AND SHOWN TO RELIABLY MEASURE THOUGHT PATTERNS, PERSONALITY TRAITS AND EMOTIONS, OR BEHAVIORS. |
| HYPOTHESIS | IS AN EDUCATED GUESS |
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | MANIPULATES |
| DEPENDENT VARIABLE | MEASURE |
| EXPERIMENTAL GROUP | IS COMPOSED OF THOSE WHO RECEIVE THE TREATMENT. |
| CONTROL GROUP | CONTROL PARTICIPANTS DO NOT RECEIVE THE TREATMENT. |
| DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE | MEANS NEITHER PARTICIPANTS NOR RESEARCHERS KNOW WHICH GROUP IS RECEIVING WHICH TREATMENT.. |