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'12 chem exam
more vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| surfactant | wetting agent that breaks surface tension |
| solute | is being dissolved |
| solvent | is doing the dissolving |
| saturated | contains the max. amount of solute that can be dissolved |
| molarity | number of moles per solute/ liters of solution |
| solubility | the max amount of a solute that can be dissolved at a certain temp. |
| supercooled | cooled beyond the point when something would normally freeze |
| molality | number of moles of solute dissolved per kg of solute |
| colligative properties | differences btwn the properties of pure solvents and their solutions 1. vapor pt lowering 2. boiling pt elevation 3. freezing pt depression |
| effective molality | M of NaCl x 2= eff.molality |
| activation energy | the energy it takes to start a reaction |
| endothermic | heat is gained by a system (+H) |
| exothermic | heat is lost by a system (-H) |
| enthalpy | internal warmth (H) the larger H is, the less stable, if H is +, heat is given off (exothermic) if H is -, heat is absorbed (endothermic), usually spontaneous. |
| quanta | the smallest quantity of radiant energy |
| quantum model | the probability of where you'd find an electron in an orbit around an atom |
| emission spectrum | the characteristic set of frequencies that are given off as an element is heated |
| frequency | # of wavepeaks in some time (v) hertz |
| wavelength | distance btwn peaks (λ) |
| photon | unit of radiant energy |
| Know the electromagnetic spectrum | ---> larger frequency, smaller wavelength 1.radio/tv 2.microwave 3.infrared 4.visible light(roygbiv) 5.UV 6. x-ray 7.gamma |
| know the aufbau diagram and principle | electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first |
| electron configuration | the way electrons are arranged around an atom. |
| energy level | n- energy level s(1 orbital), p(3 orb.), d(5 orb.), f(7 orb.) |
| orbital | electron cloud where there's a high chance of finding an electron, max 2 electrons in each. |
| ionization energy | the min. energy an electron needs to leave the atom it is in. |
| electronegativity | the tendency of an atom to draw electrons to itself in a bond or compound. |
| electron affinity | the energy needed to add an electron to an atom. |
| VSEPR theory | determines the shape of an atom ex: trigonal planar, bent, pyramidal, linear |
| resonance | when a molecule fluctuates btwn 2 valid electron structures |
| valence electron | electrons that are in the highest occupied energy lvl for an atom |
| adiabatic cooling | when you lower the pressure, it lowers the temp. |
| sublimation | change directly from solid to gas |
| barometer | measures atmospheric pressure |
| molecular solids | soft/low melting point |
| ionic solids | high melting point, brittle |
| temperature | average kinetic energy of particles |
| heat of fusion | the heat in calories required to convert 1g of a material from solid to liquid state |
| entropy | S, the amount of disorder in a system |
| nonspontaneous reaction | if +G always if +H,-S ex:photosynthesis |
| spontaneous reaction | if -G always if -H, +S ex: burning paper |
| what will change the rate of a reaction? | temperature, concentration, particle size. |
| superheat | when a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. |
| condensation | from gas to liquid, opposite of vaporization |
| solution | a homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase (made of solute and solvent) |
| heat of vaporization | from liquid to gas |
| allotropes | different solid forms of the same element |
| vapor pressure | the measure of how quickly a chemical liquid will evaporate. |
| supersaturated | a solution that contains more of the dissolved material than could be dissolved by the solvent under the solubility amount. |
| heat | the energy an object has because of the motion of its particles |
| calorie | the energy needed to raise the temp. of 1 gram of water by 1°C. |
| freezing point depression equation | ΔT = K x eff.molality |
| coordinate covalent bond | when the 2 electrons in the bond come from 1 atom |
| double covalent bond | sharing of 2 pairs of electrons btwn 2 atoms |
| polar covalent bond | electrons are shared unevenly |
| non polar covalent bond | electrons are shared evenly |
| buffer solution | resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali are added to it. |
Created by:
paulina.knoblock
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