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Sociology 1301 Ch. 5
SOC1301 Ch 5 - Stack #94768.ang
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Achieved status | A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts. Examples: lawyer, pianist, convict, and social worker. |
| Agrarian society | The most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food but increase their crop yield through technological innovations such as the plow. |
| Alienation | A condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society. |
| Ascribed status | A social position that is assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or characteristics. Examples: race, ethnicity, gender, and age. |
| Bureaucracy | A component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency. Max Weber viewed it as being different from a family-run business. |
| Bureaucratization | The process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic. |
| Classical theory | An approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. |
| Coalition | A temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal. • Coalitions can be short-lived. Examples: popular TV shows or political groupings for elections or legislative agendas. |
| Formal organization | A group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency. Examples: United States Postal Service, McDonald’s, and colleges. |
| Gemeinschaft | A close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members. Social interactions are intimate and familiar. |
| Gesellschaft | A community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values. Most people are strangers and feel little in common with one another. |
| Goal displacement | Overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy. |
| Group | Any number of people w/ similar norms, values, & expectations who interact w/ one another on a regular basis. • They play a key role in transmitting culture. Ex: sports team, college sorority, hospital business office, symphony orchestra. |
| Horticultural society | A preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods. |
| Human relations approach | An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization. |
| Hunting-and-gathering society | A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive. |
| Ideal type | A construct or model for evaluating specific cases. Developed by Max Weber. Has 5 basic characteristics: (1) division of labor; (2) hierarchy of authority; (3) written rules & regulations; (4) impersonality; (5) employment based on tech qualifications. |
| Industrial society | A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services. |
| In-group | Any group or category to which people feel they belong.Everyone who is regarded as “we” or “us.” |
| Iron law of oligarchy | A principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals. |
| Labor union | Organized workers who share either the same skill or the same employer. |
| Master status | A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society. Example: Arthur Ashe who died of AIDS. |
| McDonaldization | The process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world. |
| Mechanical solidarity | A collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal division of labor. |
| Organic solidarity | A collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor. Ex: in much the same way as organs of the body are interdependent. |
| Out-group | A group or category to which people feel they do not belong. Conflict example: Columbine High School in 1999. - David Stevenson and Barbara Schneider found that young people spend average of three and one half hours alone each day. |
| Peter principle | A principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. |
| Postindustrial society | A society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information. |
| Postmodern society | A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. These theorists take a global perspective, noting ways that culture crosses national boundaries. Examples: In the US, people listen to music from Jamaica... |
| Primary group | A small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association & cooperation. Plays a pivotal role in both the socialization process & development of roles and statuses. • Instrumental in a person’s day-to-day life. Ex: family members, sorority, gang |
| Reference group | Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior.• Two basic purposes: (1) serves a normative function by setting & enforcing standards of conduct & belief,(2) performs a comparison function by serving as a st |
| Role conflict | Situation occurs when incompatible expectations arise fr two or more social positions held by same person.Ex: promoted worker carries on a relationship w/ former workgroup. Occurs w/ those moving into uncommon occupations Ex: F police / M pre-K teacher |
| Role exit | The process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. Examples: graduating from high school or college, retirement, and divorce. Ebaugh’s four-stage model |
| Role strain | The difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations. Example: alternative forms of justice among Navajo police officers. |
| Scientific management approach | Another name for the classical theory of formal organizations; workers in an organization are motivated almost entirely by economic rewards. |
| Secondary group | A formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. |
| Social institution | Organized pattern of beliefs/behavior centered on basic social needs. Functionalists say needed for survival of society for its basic needs. Conflict theorists say needed to maintain privileges of the most powerful.Interactionists-behaviors set by role/gr |
| Social interaction | The ways in which people respond to one another. |
| Social network | Series of social relationships that links person directly to others, and through them indirectly to more people.W/ advances in technology, we can maintain such relationships electronically; don’t need face-to-face contact. Ex: job networking & gossip. |
| Social role | A set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status. |
| Social structure | The way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. |
| Sociocultural evolution | Long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection. |
| Status | A term used by sociologists to refer to any of full range of socially defined positions within large group or society. A number of statuses can be held at the same time. Examples: U.S. President, father, dental technician, business partner, neighbor. |
| Technology | Cultural information about the ways in which the material resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires. |
| Telecommuter | An employee who works full-time or part-time at home rather than in an outside office, and who is linked to supervisor and colleagues through computer terminals, phone lines and fax machines. |
| Trained incapacity | The tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. |
| Émile Durkheim | developed the concepts of mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity to describe the kind of consciousness that develops in societies where there is a simple or complex division of labor, respectively. |
| Ferdinand Tönnies | used the term Gemeinschaft to refer to a small, close-knit community, typical of rural life, where people have similar backgrounds and life experiences. |
| Gesellschaft | an ideal type characteristic of modern urban life. Here, most people are strangers who feel little in common with one another. |
| Gerhard Lenski | viewed societies as undergoing change according to a dominant pattern known as sociocultural evolution. His view suggests that a society’s level of technology is critical to the way it is organized. |
| preindustrial societies | The three types are: hunting-and-gathering society, the horticultural society, & the agrarian society |
| industrial society | depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services.• Reliant on new inventions, new sources of energy, & need specialized knowledge. . |
| postindustrial society | economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information. |
| postmodern society | a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images. |
| macro-level of analysis | we see society shifting to more advanced forms of technology. The social structure becomes complex and new social institutions emerge to assume some functions previously performed by family. |
| micro-level of analysis | these changes affect the nature of social interactions between people. People come to rely more on social networks, rather than solely on kinship ties. |
| Organizational restructuring | Includes: collective decision making, minimal hierarchy, and work teams.The common purpose of these efforts has been to empower workers. |
| collective decision making | active involvement of employee problem-solving groups in corporate management |
| minimal hierarchy | replacing the traditional bureaucratic hierarchy with a flatter organizational structure |
| work teams | employees work in project teams and task forces |
| Social reality | literally constructed from our social interactions.• Ability to define this reflects a group’s power within society. Example: William I. Thomas’s definition of the situation. |
| Ebaugh | Role Exit 4-stage model: (1) doubt, (2) search for alternatives, |
| Charles Horton Cooley | coined the term primary group to refer to a small impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding. |
| Functionalist View | • Five major tasks: (1) Replacing personnel, (2) teaching new recruits, (3) producing/distributing goods/svcs, (4) preserving order, (5) providing sense purpose. |
| Conflict View | • Major institutions maintain the privileges of the most powerful individuals and groups within a society, while contributing to thepowerlessness of others. Ex: Public schools financed by propty. tax (rich areas get better outcome) |
| Interactionist View | • Behavior is conditioned by roles and statuses that we accept, the groups to which we belong, & institutions w/in which we function.Ex: Status of a judge is in relation to other statuses. |
| Durkheim | Mechanical and Organic Solidarity |
| Robert Michels | originated the idea of the “iron law of oligarchy,” whichdescribes how even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few (an oligarchy). Example: labor union leaders becoming unresponsive to members. |
Created by:
goldang96