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What is the most common building material used in North America
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Wall that is used for structural support
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IFSTA Chapter 4
Building Construction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the most common building material used in North America | Wood |
| Wall that is used for structural support | Load Bearing Wall |
| Wall, usually interior, that supports only its own weight | Non bearing wall |
| A load bearing wall shared by two adjacent structures | A party wall |
| Interior non-load bearing wall that separates a space into rooms | Partition wall |
| The reaction of wood to fire conditions depends mainly on two factors....what are they? | The size of the wood and its moisture content |
| Wood with a high moisture content is often referred to as what? | Green Wood |
| Applying water to burning wood minimize damage by stopping what? | The charring process |
| Fire walls are generally made of what type of material | masonry |
| What is a fire wall | A rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, extends from foundation through the roof, designed to limit the spread of fire within or between structures. |
| Masonry consists of what type of materials? | bricks, blocks, stones and unreinforced and reinforced concrete products |
| Walls that extend beyond the structure that supports them... | cantilever walls |
| walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of common material | veneer walls |
| What portion of masonry is susceptible to damage following exposure to fire/heat? | The mortar between the bricks, blocks and stone may be degraded by heat and should be checked for signs of weakening. |
| What are primary concerns that firefighters may have with cast iron? | It may crack or shatter when rapidly cooled with water and bolts/connections that hold the cast iron to the building can fail causing large heavy sections of metal to come crashing down. |
| What is the primary material used for structural support in the construction of large modern buildings | steel |
| What sort of damage may happen to steel when it is exposed to heat? | elongation |
| A 50' section of | |
| What is the most common building material used in North America | Wood |
| Wall that is used for structural support | Load Bearing Wall |
| Wall, usually interior, that supports only its own weight | Non bearing wall |
| A load bearing wall shared by two adjacent structures | A party wall |
| Interior non-load bearing wall that separates a space into rooms | Partition wall |
| The reaction of wood to fire conditions depends mainly on two factors....what are they? | The size of the wood and its moisture content |
| Wood with a high moisture content is often referred to as what? | Green Wood |
| Applying water to burning wood minimize damage by stopping what? | The charring process |
| Fire walls are generally made of what type of material | masonry |
| What is a fire wall | A rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, extends from foundation through the roof, designed to limit the spread of fire within or between structures. |
| Masonry consists of what type of materials? | bricks, blocks, stones and unreinforced and reinforced concrete products |
| Walls that extend beyond the structure that supports them... | cantilever walls |
| walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of common material | veneer walls |
| What portion of masonry is susceptible to damage following exposure to fire/heat? | The mortar between the bricks, blocks and stone may be degraded by heat and should be checked for signs of weakening. |
| What are primary concerns that firefighters may have with cast iron? | It may crack or shatter when rapidly cooled with water and bolts/connections that hold the cast iron to the building can fail causing large heavy sections of metal to come crashing down. |
| What is the primary material used for structural support in the construction of large modern buildings | steel |
| What sort of damage may happen to steel when it is exposed to heat? | elongation |
| A 50' section of steel may elongate how much and at what temperature? | 4", 1000º F |
| Failure of steel structural members can be anticipated at temperatures near or above? | 1000º F |
| What is reinforced concrete? | Concrete that is internally fortified with steel reinforcement bars(rebar) or wire mesh. |
| While reinforced concrete does perform well under fire conditions it can lose its strength through what process? | Spalling |
| What properties of gypsum give it excellent heat-resistant and fire retardant properties? | High water content.....the evaporation of this water absorbs a great deal of heat. |
| What building material is often used to insulate steel and wood structural members from potential fire conditions? | Gypsum |
| What is the NFPA section that describes the five construction classifications? | NFPA 220, Standard on types of building construction. |
| What are the five construction classifications? | Type I fire resistive, type II noncombustible, type III ordinary, type IV heavy timber, type V wood frame |
| What are the most prominent building codes now in use? | International codes council (ICC), NFPA 5000, Building construction and safety code (published by NFPA) |
| What is a description of fire resistive construction? | construction that maintains it's structural integrity during a fire and is intended to allow occupants time to exit the building. |
| fire resistive construction consists of what products? | Mainly reinforced concrete with structural members that are protected by blown on insulation or automatic sprinklers. |
| what is the primary fire hazard with fire resistive construction? | the contents and interior finishes |
| What are the strengths of fire resistive construction | resist direct flame impingement, confines fire well, little collapse potential, impervious to water |
| What are the weaknesses of fire resistive construction | difficult to breach, difficult to ventilate, massive debris following collapse, retains heat |
| What is a description of noncombustible construction | same materials as fire-resistive construction except that the structural components lack the insulation or other protection of type I construction. |
| noncombustible construction consist of what products? | fire-resistance rating on all parts of the structure, can be all metal buildings, materials with no fire-resistance rating may only be used in limited quantities. |
| What type of roofs are commonly found on type 2 construction? | flat, built-up roofs....these consist of combustible or noncombustible roof deck covered by combustible felt, noncombustible insulation, and roofing tar. |
| What are the strengths of noncombustible construction? | confines fire well, almost as resistive to fire and type 1, almost as structurally stable as type 1, easier to ventilate than type 1 |
| What are the weaknesses of noncombustible construction? | difficult to breach, unprotected steel structural components can fail, roofs less stable than type 1, steel components subject o weakening by fire and rust/corrosion, massive debris following collapse. |
| Exterior walls and structural members are made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials (concrete blocks) and interior structural members are completely or partially of wood. | Type III ordinary construction |
| What is the primary fire concern specific to ordinary construction and what can be done to minimize this risk? | Fire and smoke spreading through concealed spaces, fire blocking. |
| What are the strengths of ordinary construction? | Resists fire spread from the outside, relatively easy to vertically ventilate. |
| What are the weaknesses of ordinary construction? | Interior structural members vulnerable to fire involvement, fire spread potential through concealed spaces, susceptible to water damage |
| This type of construction requires exterior/interior walls to be noncombustible or limited combustible materials. other interior members are made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces. | Heavy timber construction |
| What is the primary fire hazard associated with heavy timber construction? | Massive amount of combustible contents and tremendous amounts of heat in fire conditions. |
| What are the strengths of heavy timber construction? | Resists collapse, structurally stable, relatively easy to ventilate, relatively easy to breach, manageable debris following collapse. |
| What are the weaknesses of heavy timber construction? | Susceptible to fire spread from outside, potential for flame spread to other nearby structures, susceptible to rapid interior flame spread, susceptible to water damage. |
| Has exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs and supports made completely or partially of wood or other approved materials of smaller dimensions than heavy timber. | type V wood framed construction |
| This type of construction is commonly used to construct the typical single family residence or apartment house up to seven stories? | Type V wood framed construction |
| What are the strengths of wood framed construction? | Easily breached, resistant to collapse from earthquakes, collapse debris relatively easy to manage. |
| What are the weaknesses of wood framed construction? | Susceptible to fire spread from outside, susceptible to rapid flame spree inside, susceptible to total collapse due to fire or explosion, susceptible to water damage. |
| When reading (sizing up) a building what should you look for? | Age of the building, construction materials, roof type, renovations or modifications, dead loads |
| What are the two primary types of dangerous conditions that may be posed by a particular building? | Conditions that contribute to the spread and intensity of the fire and conditions that make the building susceptible to collapse. |
| This is the maximum heat that can be produced if all the combustible materials in a given area burn. | Fire load |
| Some of the earliest fire regulations ever imposed in north america related to what parts of construction | Combustible roof coverings |
| How large is the collapse zone? | one and one half times the height of the wall |
| Unprotected lightweight steel and wooden trusses can fail after how long? | 5-10 minutes |
| Structural supports made from long steel bars that are bent at 90º angles with flat or angular pieces welded to the top and bottom. | Lightweight steel truss |
| Structural supports constructed of 2x3 or 2x4 members that are connected by gusset plates. | Lightweight wood truss |
| These types of trusses may be found in structures with rounded or arched roofs | bowstring trusses |
| This type of force is typically applied to the bottom chord of a truss | tension |
| This type of force is typically applied to the top chord of a truss | compression |
| Firefighters should not be allowed to enter or go into the roofs of buildings that incorporate trusses in their construction if the buildings have been exposed to fire conditions for how long? | 5-10 minutes |
| This is the term to descry the second roof constructed over an older roof. | A rain roof |
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951bruin