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which nations became permanent members of the un security council?
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describe some of the causes which led the west to fear that stalin had embarked on a plan of unlimited expansion after ww2
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| which nations became permanent members of the un security council? | us, the soviet union(russia), great britain, france, and china |
| describe some of the causes which led the west to fear that stalin had embarked on a plan of unlimited expansion after ww2 | -soviets for violating their pledge of free elections for the east european states -bc of stalins stubbornness, paranoidness, and late of concern for public opinion -russians consolidation of north korea into a communist gov |
| the us introduced a plan to the un in 1946 that proposed that atmoic energy be limited to peaceful purposes. who did they suggest should have oversight of nations with atomic energy? | an international authority |
| what policy was the cornerstone of the truman administration's response to apparent soviet expansionism after ww2? | the policy of containment |
| to what did the 1947 truman doctrine commit the us? | the truman doctrine committed the us to unprecedented involvement in global military and economic affairs. the marshall plan, designed to hasten european economic recovery and hence check communist expansion, was also announced in the spring of 1947 |
| in the immediate postwar period, by what did the soviets feel suspicious, angry, or threatened? | no more lend-lease at the end of the war. american rejection of a postwar loan to the soviets. american air bases were located around the world and the us possested the atomic bomb |
| in 1948 as retaliation against what event did the soviets imposed the berlin blockade? | the creation of the germany deutschemark. pop up the west german economy but not the...? |
| in 1949 the us and 11 other countries signed the atlantic pact what did the agreement contain? | a military alliance(mutual aid) of unlimited duration, america will not abandon europe |
| what was contained in japans 1946 constitution? | renounced war as a means of setting of international disputes and the divine right rule of the emperor of japan. gave women the right to vote for the first time |
| in response to a labor shortage during the postwar periods, how did japan sustain its growth? | high technology, innovation, and automation |
| while the precise reasons for noth koreas invasion of the south are unknown, what was the most likely cause? | north korea was concerned that south korea would unite the country |
| describe the marshall plan and what kind of countries were allowed to participate in the marshall plan | -did not matter if in soviet or western sphere(will give aid to all) -meant for any country -a postwar economic boom in the us -it accelerated european recovery after the war |
| what were some of the reasons for the economic miracle which much of western europe experienced after ww2? | the marshall plan funds extensive economic planning, and the application of keynesian theories to gov policies |
| sustained economic growth in west germany and other european countries led to a labor shortage. how was this addressed and what was the result? | inviting foreign workers into europe -result was unasimilated groups |
| in 1945 the british labour party achieved its first parliamentary majority. it set the course of british life for years to come by taking what types of measure? | -england had a huge welfare state -the nationalized industries, the bank of england, coal mines, electricity, iron industries, comprehensive national healthcare -sharply increasingly income and inheritance taxes |
| charles de gaulle's constitution for the fifth republic gave the president tremendous power. describe some rights of the president had and did not have | -he could call for elections and referendums(proposition) -dissolve the national assembly -president can also name the prime minister |
| what ideas did the nuremberg trials reinforce? | -the definition of all war crimes and crimes against humanity -international standards of civilized behavior |
| what was one of de gaulle's important achievements? | he helps establish the fifth republic(the final republic) of france, and end political instability |
| who was the dominating figure of the federal republic of germany for 14 years after 1949? | konrad adenauer |
| in the 1950s and 1960s what did italy experience in terms of its economy? | italy experienced a rate of industrial growth rivaling west germany |
| the 1944 bretton woods conference in new hamphsire was an attempt to avoid the instability and economic problems of the interwar years. what measures were suggested at this conference? | lower trade barriers and stabilize currencies |
| what were some of the rules laid down by the general agreement on tariffs and trade? | -a frame work for lower tariffs and get rid of non tariff barriers -the prevention of discrimination and procedures for handling complaints |
| what was achieved by the common market which was set up in 1957? | -the common market created a large free trade area in europe -free movement of labor and capital -emphasize on certain tariffs -a common tariff with respect to the outside world |
| as a result of the postwar boom and the common markey what occurred in terms of the european economy(exports, per capital income, gross national product,etc) by the early 1970s? | exports equalized those of the us and japan combined |
| in the 1960s and 1970s what were eurodollars? | eurodollars were surplus dollars in european hands |
| in the immediate postwar years in the soviet union what took place in terms of religious toleration, ideological restrictions and the power of policing authorities? | -there was much less religious toleration -official anti cemedicism rose to the surface again -the power of the kgb was increased -ideological restriction were tightened |
| khrushchev, chief soviet leader after the death of stalin denounced the crimes of the stalin era in 1956. why? | -limits on cultural and intellectual freedom -khrushchev wants economic and social change -needed the support of communist -wanted to win allies against the conservitives in the communist party |
| what was the weakest sector of the soviet economy since stalin? | agriculture |
| after the war what took place in terms of agriculture in eastern europe? | was only partially collectivized |
| in 1956 when demonstrations broke out in hungary against soviet dominance, what was the soviet response? | soviet arm forces were called in to supress this so called counter revolution led by fmre nagy? |
| who established the peoples republic of china and what was the result? | mao, it gave china its first unified central gov since 1911 |
| what took place during the great leap forward of 1957? | -organized communes into militaristic production brigades -resulted in a disastrous famine that took millions of lives |
| what were some of the achievements of chinas communist gov? | -china ranked among the top 10 industrial powers by 1960 -reofmr and simplification of the chinese language - impressive strides of public sanitation and health |
| what was the method and target of the cultural revolution which began in 1966? | -to reinvigorate communism -in the cultural revolution they denounce bouseige ways(middle class ways) -harassed, humiliated gob and communist party officials |
| the split that developed between china and the soviet union in the 1960s was based upon which issues? | disputes over lands of inner asia(between china and the soviet union) -the rivalry for ideological leadership of the communist world -mao's believed that khrustif was weak during the cuban crisis of 1962, he said khrustif vacillated |
| The development of the intercontinental ballistic missile in 1958 ushered in a new kind of arms race between the United States and the U.S.S.R. Upon what concept (goal) was the arms race based? | Mutual deference |
| What was a moment of evidence during the 1950s that the Soviet Union might be ahead of the United States in the arms race? | - Soviet launching of Sputnik (1950) (the first artificial satellite in space) |
| Why did President Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from the integrated NATO military command in 1966? | - Wanted France to have an independent role (in a gesture of independence) |
| De Gaulle viewed the Cold War differently than the Americans. What did he believe? | - Believed that this was a struggle between great powers rather than a war of ideologies. -Europe should be united from the United States to the Urals. -America had too much power in world affairs and influence. |
| What was some of the evidence of increased Cold War tension during the Kennedy presidency? | - CIA trained Cuban refugees to overthrow Castro (leader of Cuba), known as the Bay of Pigs. The Soviets constructed the Berlin Wall. Soviets in the U.S. confronted each other (Cuban missile Crisis) The Soviet military presence in Cuba. |
| Why was the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion significant? | - A defeat for President Kennedy, and a loss of face for Khrushchev |
| Over what did the most dangerous Western-Soviet confrontation of the Cold War occur? | - The Cuban Missile Crisis |
| What was included in President Johnson’s reasons for expanding American involvement in the Vietnam War? | -Communism must be contained in Southeast Asia. Failure to stop communism would repeat the appeasement policies of 1930. President Johnson was unwilling to preside over the first war lost by the U.S. |
| At the time, what did critics of U.S. support for the anticommunist struggle in South Vietnam point out? | - Communist victory in Vietnam would not strengthen the Soviets or China. The U.S. didn’t have the ability to place the entire world. It was doubtful that the South Vietnam’s regime would create a government that was democratic and against communism |
| What did President Nixon’s plan for peace in Vietnam include? | - “Vietnamization,” shifts to South Vietnam and major responsibility for its own defense and began to withdraw American troops. (Unilateral – withdrawal of American troops) |
| What did the Brezhnev Doctrine proclaim? | - The Soviets had the right to intervene in any Eastern European country, facing internal or external problems of socialism |
| Upon what was the Nixon-Kissinger policy of détente based? | - Policy of détente- the idea that National self interest counted more than ideology (softening of hostilities) |
| The Helsinki Conference and Accords were the high point of détente in the 1970s. What did the Accords call for and do? | -Surveillance of human rights. Human rights were important. Establish Helsinki comities for the surveillance of Human rights. Ratify the European territorial boundaries set up after WW2. |
| In 1947, the Western economic boom of the previous 25 years ended and an economic crisis began. Why? | - High interest rates, huge inflation, a 400% increase in oil prices, and an economic recession |
| Why was OPEC formed? | - The organization of petroleum exporting countries (of OPEC). Over-production and prices; OPEC is formed to better control production and prices |
| Faith in Keynesianism was shaken by Western “stagflation” during the 1970s. What did both British Prime Minister Thatcher and U.S. President Reagan propose? | - They believe in supply side economics. Encouraged private enterprises by tax reduction. Curbed spending for social programs and de-regulation. Economic stagnations and economic inflation, challenges the state that too costly and too wasteful |
| In opposition to Keynesianism, Regan and other conservative leaders championed “supply” side economics. What does this mean? | - supply side economics (consumption – buying) production/supply (Keynesia = consumption) |
| During the 1980s, with what did Socialist and Social Democratic parties in Europe (except for France 1980-1982) become concerned? | - seeking to manage capitalist economies |
| What response did Mitterrand have in France? | - Mitterrand remained faithful to Keynesian economics idea |
| Describe some of the economic problems experienced by the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. | - we become a debtor nation and we are importing more than we are exporting. The debt grows from 1 trillion to 4 trillion. (the short comings and American education became evident) |
| In the postindustrial age of the 1980s and 1990s. How was economic progress in advanced economics measured? | - we measure much more of computers, communication systems, information processing automation (longest answer) |
| In order to reinvigorate the European Community, for what did the Single European Act (1987) and the Treaty of the European Union (signed at Maastricht in 1993) provide? | - common currency (Euro), common production standards common paperwork, common commercial licensing, eliminate paperwork |
| What was President Jimmy Carter’s response to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan? | - pledged to restore American prestige by following a hard line Cold War policy |
| How did Ronald Reagan pledge to restore prestige? | - withdraw of the salt two treaty, gave aid to the Afghan rebels (Talibans), boycotted the 1980 olympics |
| In late 1978, Deng Xiaoping, leader of Chine was encouraging what types of policies? | - Deng encouraged private enterprises, a competitive marketplace |
| How did Deng Xiaoping describe his economic policy? | - The new system would be “a marriage” he said, “between a planned and a market economy.” |
| As a result of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms in China, what occurred? | - food production doubled, they had a 9% annual increase in GOP (gross domestic product), big cities in China, taking on some aspects of consumer society |
| What were some of the reasons why the Chinese “democracy movement” in 1989 emerged? | - Deng encouraged students to study western ways. We followed a new policy of political liberalization. Proposes economic reforms -> didn’t go far enough -> people were disappointed |
| How did the Chinese government respond to the Tiananmen Square demonstrations? | - the massacring and repressing of participants |
| Describe the Chinese population control program. | - a one child per family - one child per couple and this was done through a lot of coercion. It curbed the birth rate (decrease of birth rate), but it was most recently very difficult to enforce and is now uplifted |
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ihaveno