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CHemistry proteins
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Protein | chain of amino acids |
| Amino acids | organic molecule consisting of an amino group, a carboxylic group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid |
| Amino group | organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair |
| dipeptide chains | contain exactly two amino acids chained together |
| Polypeptides | contain 10 or more amino acids chained together |
| Proteins | Proteins contain 50 or more amino acids chained together |
| Protein quality is measured in... | in terms of biological value (BV) |
| High quality protein (those with high BV's) | contain all nine essential amino acids |
| Low quality proteins lack | one or more of the nine essential amino acids |
| Proteins with a high BV most often come from | animal origin |
| Endurance athletes need | extra protein intake for tissue and the use of branched-chain amino acids for ATP production (energy) |
| The average person should intake about ____ g of protein per kg of body weight | .8 |
| Carbohydrate | compound composed of multiple hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group |
| A hydroxyl group contains | an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom (–OH) |
| A carbonyl group contains | a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O) |
| Carbohydrates are composed of only | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| Carbohydrates are... | sugars |
| Monosaccharides | the simplest carbohydrates; often called simple sugars |
| Glucose, galactose, and fructose | isomers |
| Monosaccharides contain ___ carbon atoms | 6 |
| Monosaccharides have a ____ group on one carbon and hydroxyl groups on most of the other carbons | carbonyl |
| Monosaccharides are ______ and have high _______ | water soluble and melting points |
| Glucose is the most common | monosaccharides |
| Disaccharides | two monosaccharides bonded together |
| Sucrose = | glucose + fructose |
| Lactose = | glucose + galactose |
| Maltose = | glucose + glucose |
| polysaccharides | three or more monosaccharides bonded together |
| glycogenesis | process of converting glucose to glycogen |
| Glycolysis | the process that converts glycogen into pyruvate |
| complex carbs | broken down into glucose and can be used as fuel or stored in muscle and the liver as glycogen |
| Glycolysis provides more ____ than simple sugar conversion | ATP |
| Lipid | large, nonpolar, biological molecule |
| Fatty acid | a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic group (COOH) on one end |
| saturated bond | the hydrocarbon chain contains only single bonds |
| Monounsaturated fat | – the hydrocarbon chain contains one double or triple bond |
| Polyunsaturated fat | the hydrocarbon chain contains more than one double or triple bond |
| Hydrogenation | addition of hydrogen to carbon atoms in a double or triple bond |
| Triglyceride | – three fatty bonded to a glycerol backbone |
| wax | lipid formed by combining a fatty acid with a long chain alcohol |
| steroid | compound that contains an arrangement of four cycloalkane that are joined to each other |
| cholesterol | waxy steroid |
| catabolism | the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules |
| Anabolism | the synthesis of larger, more complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules |
| metabolism | the total of all the catabolic and anabolic processes in a biological system |
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