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Anatomy 3
Laryngeal Function 01
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Laryngeal apparatus forces are either ____ or _____ | passive or active. |
| Passive forces are _______ | inherent within the laryngeal apparatus. |
| Passive forces may be from ______ | natural recoil forces of muscle, cartilages, connective tissues (ligaments and membranes). |
| Passive forces might also be from _______ | surface tension between structures in apposition: vocal folds, ventricular folds (false), epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds ("rim" above VFs), tongue, and gravity. |
| Active forces are applied in accordance with ______ | the will and ability of the individual to intrinsic, extrinsic, and supplemental muscles. |
| The net influence of muscular activity in the larynx will depend on ____ | concurrent activities of mechanically associated muscles functioning as agonists, synergists, and antagonists. |
| Based on their concurrent relationships, the muscles of the larynx can engage in these three types of contractions: | Concentric, eccentric, and isometric. |
| What are concentric contractions? | Shortening of the vocal folds. |
| What are eccentric contractions? | Lengthening of the vocal folds. |
| Which muscles engage in eccentric contractions? | The CT and TA; contraction of CT rocks thyroid on cricoid, pulling on TA and lengthening them. We'd expect them to decrease freq. as length increases, but the simultaneous increase of tension trumps length and increases pitch. |
| What are isometric contractions? | Fixed-length contractions; increases in muscle tone and tension, but no change in length. |
| Net active and passive laryngeal layrngeal forces will determine (at any point in time) the position of these four things: | vocal folds (abductory, adductory, length, longitudnal tension), ventricular folds, epiglottis, and laryngeal complex within neck. |
| Why are the ventricular folds called the false VFs? | Because they are simple tissues made of one histological piece. Ventricular phonation= pathological use; they don't really vibrate b/c they have a lot of stiffness and are only one unit. |
| Time never stands still, and even during _______ there are time-varying influences of subglottal and supraglottal forces. | sustained phonation. |
| What are the three subglottal and supraglottal forces that vary over time? | Mechanical, acoustic, and aerodynamic subglotta/supraglottal forces. |
| Despite the complexity of the system, a reasonably small number of variables can be used to differentiate laryngeal control in a variety of ______ | functionally distinct activities. |
| What are examples of the "functionally distinct activities" that can be be defined by a small number of variables to differentiate laryngeal control? | Breathing, speaking, singing, laughing, whistling (abduction), swallowing, coughing (adducting strongly, then abducting suddenly), coughing, panting, bearing down, weight lifting, wind instrument playing. |
| What happens to the larynx while you're bearing down/weight lifting? | You close off the airway as hard as you can to dramatically increase the pressure in the thoracic cavity. This stabilizes the system, allowing us to use axial musculature more efficiently. |
| What are the five laryngeal control variables that can be used to differentiate laryngeal control in a variety of functionally different activites? | Laryngeal opposing pressure, laryngeal airway resistance, glottal size and configuration, stiffness of the vocal folds, and effective mass of the vocal folds. |
| What is laryngeal opposing pressure? | A measure of the opposition provided by the larynx to translaryngeal pressure (the air pressure difference between the trachea and the pharynx) when the larynx is closed air tight. |
| What is the primary component of Laryngeal opposing pressure? | Compressive muscular pressure; brain has to squeeze VFs together to prevent air from leaking out; makes pressure below higher than pressure above. |
| What is the second component of laryngeal opposing pressure? | Surface tension between the apposed surfaces of the (moist) vocal folds; gives you "free" laryngeal opposing pressure from the "stickiness". |
| What is the third component of laryngeal opposing pressure? | gravity (changes in position). |
| The laryngeal opposing pressure required for a specific target activity is directly related to the ______ | magnitude of the translaryngeal pressure involved in the activity. |
| What is the definition of translaryngeal pressure again? | The air pressure difference between the trachea and the pharynx. |
| What are examples of activities where Laryngeal opposing pressure is critical? | Bearing down, weightlifting; LOP is critical to build up pressure in thorax to stabilize system and allow us to use axial musculature more efficiently. |
| What is laryngeal airway resistance? | An airflow dependent property of the airway that indicates the opposition to flow provided by the larynx; it's a matter of the cross-sectional area and length of the airway. |
| Since the ___ can often have the smallest cross-sectional area through the larynx, ______ will heavily influence the Laryngeal airway resistance, but LAR is not simply a measure of _____ | glottis, glottal opening, size of the glottis. |
| The cross sectional area at this level of the VFs will also have a noteworthy influence on LAR: | at the level of the ventricular folds, b/c they also protrude into the airway (and can be restricted). |
| Which activity requires the highest LAR? Which activity requires the lowest? What is the LAR during phonation? | Highest LAR= weightlifting, lowest LAR- whistling, because you try to keep VFs out of the way. During phonation, LAR is lower b/c the VFs are pushed together gently. |
| What is the difference between LAR and LOP? | They are different ways of talking about the same thing; not mutually exclusive. |
| Laryngeal airway resistance cannot be ____ | measured directly. |
| Laryngeal airway resistance is calculated from _____ | the quotient of translaryngeal air pressure to translaryngeal airflow (ranges from very small for a wide open airway to infinite for airtight closure). |
| What are the clinical implications of LAR? | We measure LAR in many voice disorders; if you have scar tissue on VFs, they will have a higher resistance to flow. LAR can be indicative of the amount of damage. Other people might use too much LAR/LOP because of neuromuscular damage. |
| How is "glottal size and configuration" partially determined? | Determined in part by the abductory-adductory status of the vocal folds. |
| Why are we interested in glottal size and configuration? | The size and configuration of the glottis is related to how much a person can squeeze (and generate LAR/LOP). |
| When measuring glottal size and configuration, what dimensions are important? | All 3-D dimensions of glottis are important: length, diameter, horizontal shape, vertical shape, and depth. BUT, abduction-adduction status of the VFs are the main contributors. |
| What does stiffness of the vocal folds refer to? | How much the VFs move for a given force applied to them. May differ from one location to another within the folds. |
| The stiffness of the VFs varies by changing these three things: | The distance between the two ends of the folds, increasing longitudnal tension (force per unit length), and the level of contraction of the components of the TA muscle. |
| The last laryngeal control variable is effective mass of the vocal folds. Full mass and effective mass are identical when: | the folds are maximally elongated and have unencumbered free margins (when there's nothing in the space between them because it's stretched as long as possible). |
| The effective length and medial compression of the VFs can be modified to ______ | adjust the effective mass. Since the lengths of the VFs are different, you have more tissue in the full vocal folds than the actual vocal folds that are vibrating. |
Created by:
marbliss