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Hist 312 final part
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following was NOT a factor in causing the Great Depression? | Government interference in market economies |
| What was the effect of Germany's arrival as a new powerful player on the international scene? | It was disruptive to the established order. |
| What was the popular attitude in Europe toward the prospect of war in the summer of 1914? | Widespread enthusiasm for war |
| What impact did Europe's colonial empires have on the conduct of World War I? | The war drew in laborers and soldiers from the colonies. |
| What term best describes the predominant style of warfare in World War I | Trench warfare |
| What was the reaction of many European intellectuals to the experience of World War I | Profound disillusionment with European civilization |
| Which of the following seriously weakened Wilson's idea of a League of Nations? | The failure of the U.S. Senate to ratify the League |
| The "Axis" nations were united by their opposition to what international movement? | Communism |
| Benito Mussolini's fascist movement came to power promising an alternative to what | Both democratic rule and communism |
| What was meant by the term "corporate state," used to describe fascist Italy | Business and labor were to be unified within the state |
| What myth arose in Germany in the 1920s to explain why Germany lost the First World War? | Socialists, Jews, and liberals in Germany had betrayed the nation |
| How did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis view modern urban life? | As a Jewish conspiracy to corrupt traditional German values |
| Which Enlightenment values did the Nazis draw upon in their ideology | Science and human perfectibility |
| How did Japanese nationalists differentiate Japanese society from Western society? | They believed that the Japanese were more loyal to their ruler than westerners were to their own rulers |
| In what way was nationalist Japan most similar to fascist Italy and Nazi Germany | Aggressive ambition for conquest and empire building |
| What was the real reason that the Japanese began invading French, British, Dutch, and American territories in Southeast Asia and the Pacific? | To gain control of Asia's resources and end Japan's dependence on the West |
| Which of the following best describes the attitude of Japanese leaders toward their decision to bomb Pearl Harbor and thus start a war with the United States? | They were regretful, for they knew that they stood only a small chance against the mighty United States, though they saw no other way to maintain power in the Pacific |
| Which of the following events of the Second World War is NOT an example of the term "total war" | The bombing of Pearl Harbor |
| What impact did World War II ultimately have on communism? | It gave communism legitimacy in the Soviet Union and control over half of Europe and much of Asia. |
| What happened to European economies after the United States began its Marshall Plan in 1948? | Europe saw massive economic growth and widespread prosperity |
| The Triple Alliance involved three European powers, _________________________ | Germany, Austria, and Italy |
| The industrialization of warfare had created vastly more __________ by the time of the outbreak of World War I. | lethal weapons |
| The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of __________. | Germany |
| Most Europeans in August 1914 believed that the war would be over by ___________ | Christmas 1914 |
| The new national states that emerged from the collapse of the German, Russian, and Austrian empires were based on the principle of ___________ championed by the U.S. president Woodrow Wilson | national self-determination |
| As a result of World War I, the Ottoman Empire killed or deported one million _________, setting a precedent for future genocides. | Armenians |
| Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points seemed to herald a new kind of ___________. | international life |
| After World War I, France invented Mother's Day to ____________. | encourage childbearing to replace the war dead |
| The worst feature of the Great Depression for ordinary people was ___________. | unemployment |
| Fascism first took root in _________. | Italy |
| The symbol of the fascist movement, the fasces, represented fascism’s core ideas of _____________. | power and strength in unity |
| Hitler’s message cast German nationalism in terms of _________ superiority. | racial |
| On Kristallnacht (“Crystal Night”), November 9, 1938, Nazis __________ Jewish shops throughout Germany | smashed and looted |
| In Japan, as in Germany, it was the __________ that paved the way for more authoritarianism and nationalism. | Great Depression |
| The rise of the military in 1930s Japan reflected the traditional prominence of _________ in Japanese history. | the samurai class |
| Japan invaded China in 1937 because of a dispute over ________, thus beginning World War II. | Manchuria |
| Hitler repeatedly stressed the importance for Germany of gaining ________ in the east, in the lands of Poland and Russia. | living space |
| In World War II, the German forces used _________, which emphasized rapid movement of infantry, tanks, and airpower over large areas. | the tactic of blitzkrieg |
| ___________ sustained the worst suffering in World War II, with 25 million killed, another 25 million made homeless, and thousands of towns, villages, and industrial enterprises destroyed. | The Soviet Union |
| The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) committed America to defending Western Europe— with nuclear weapons, if necessary— against possible attack by _________. | the Soviet Union |
| Of the communist regimes that came to power in North Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Cuba, and Afghanistan, which had achieved the level of industrialization that Karl Marx believed was necessary for communism? | None of the above |
| How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks take power in 1917? | Through an overnight coup in the capital |
| How did the Chinese Communist Party adapt its ideology and strategy during its long struggle to power? | It focused on creating peasant communism and conducting rural guerrilla warfare. |
| Which of the following was NOT a way in which the Chinese Communists under Mao Zedong gained the widespread support of the peasantry? | By promising an end to the rural way of life |
| Which of the following best describes the initial policies of the Soviet and Chinese communist parties toward women after taking power? | They achieved far-reaching freedom for women. |
| How did the Bolshevik efforts at land redistribution compare with Chinese Communist efforts at land redistribution? | The Bolsheviks found the task much easier than the Chinese Communists |
| What happened to communist commitment to social and gender equality in Stalin's Soviet Union? | Those values were often set aside in favor of industrial development and state power |
| Who among the following was NOT a victim of the Terror or Great Purges that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1930s? | Stalin himself |
| What was the end result of Mao's two great campaigns, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution? | The death and ruination of tens of millions and the widespread discrediting of communism |
| Why did the U.S. military intervene so massively in Vietnam in the 1960s? | The United States feared a communist victory in Vietnam would lead to communist expansion to the rest of Asia and beyond |
| Why did the Soviet Union so greatly value the communist regime in Cuba? | Cuba was the first country in which communism triumphed without the help of the Soviet Army |
| How did the cold war impact many third-world countries? | Both the United States and the Soviet Union attempted to secure the allegiance of third-world countries with military and economic aid |
| What helped sustain the immense military effort involved in the U.S. campaign to check the spread of communism? | A booming consumer economy |
| Why did the Soviet Union invade Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, and threaten to invade Poland in 1980, if those countries were supposedly its allies? | to crush reformist movements that the Soviets feared would spread throughout the communist bloc |
| Which of the following was NOT a conflict that developed between communist countries | The Soviet Union vs. North Korea |
| What characterized the main economic failure of communism? | Inability to match the West in the quality and availability of consumer goods |
| What was the result of the reforms instituted by Deng Xiaoping as leader of the Chinese Communist Party after Mao Zedong's death? | Stunning economic growth along mostly capitalist models |
| What was the immediate or initial impact of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of glasnost? | Many dark truths about life in the Soviet Union were brought to light for the first time |
| What was the impact of glasnost on the Soviet allies in Eastern Europe? | It sparked massive demonstrations that swept away communism in Eastern Europe |
| Which of the following best describes why Gorbachev's reforms led to the total collapse of the Soviet Union and communism? | Gorbachev opened a "Pandora's box" of demands for change that the Soviet system could not handle. |
| hose who called themselves communists believed that _________ was the only path to a socialist future. | uncompromising revolution |
| Through Comintern (Communist International), the Soviet Union sought to control the policies and actions of __________. | communist parties and governments around the world |
| __________, known as soviets, emerged during the Russian Revolution of 1917. | Grassroots organizations of workers and soldiers |
| The brutal civil war (1918-1921) that followed the Russian Revolution pitted __________ against the communist Bolsheviks who had taken power. | all the above |
| In response to the Marshall Plan, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, sought to __________ communist governments in Eastern European nations. | install |
| In contrast to the Russian Bolsheviks, the base of support for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was the __________. | peasant villages |
| The communist-led People's Liberation Army gained widespread support from millions of Chinese largely because of the Chinese Communist Party's heroic fight against __________. | the Japanese occupation |
| Right after gaining power in Russia, the Bolsheviks set up the Zhenotdel, which pursued a ___________ agenda | feminist |
| Right after gaining power in China, the Communist Party passed the Marriage Law of 1950, which was a direct attack on __________. | Confucian and patriarchal traditions |
| Women were __________ present in the top leadership of the Soviet and Chinese communist parties | very rarely |
| Between one and two million landlords were __________ in the peasant uprisings and land seizures organized by the Chinese Communist Party during and after its rise to power. | killed |
| The forced collectivization of farms in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and early 1930s resulted in __________. | mass famine, starvation, and death |
| The forced collectivization and modernization known as the "Great Leap Forward" in China in the 1950s resulted in __________. | mass famine, starvation, and death |
| Both the Soviet Terror and the Chinese Cultural Revolution were campaigns to rid their respective communist parties of __________. | imagined traitors |
| The Iron Curtain was ____________. | a term for the impenetrable border between capitalist and communist Europe |
| In Vietnam and Afghanistan, the United States and the Soviet Union experienced the __________ of their power. | limits |
| nuclear war almost occurred between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 when the United States discovered the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in __________. | cuba |
| The leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union came to realize that a nuclear war would produce __________. | only losers and catastrophe |
| the Soviet Union __________ reform movements in its communist allies Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. | crushed |
| Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's program of glasnost was intended to bring about __________ in the Soviet Union. | openness and reform |
| How was the dissolution of European empires different from the dissolution of previous empires in world history | It generated a mass of new nation-states. |
| What was the "fatal flaw" of European colonialism? | The double standard of freedom and sovereignty for European states but not for their colonies |
| Which of the following social groups in the colonies did NOT stand to benefit from national independence for African and Asian colonies? | white landowners |
| Which of the following best characterizes the initial aims of the Indian National Congress (INC)? | Gaining positions of influence in British India to protect Indian interests |
| Which of the following best represents Gandhi's philosophy of satyagraha (truth force) | Confronting the British Empire nonviolently and suffering the consequences without surrendering one's ideals |
| What was Gandhi's attitude toward the prospect of a modern industrial future for India? | He was opposed to it |
| What was the most serious split that formed within the Indian independence movement? | Between Muslims and Hindus |
| What best describes the experience of India's partition into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India after independence in 1947? | It was horrendously violent and traumatic. |
| Why did white rule last almost 50 years longer in South Africa than it did in India (until 1994 versus 1947)? | A sizable and powerful community of permanent white settlers controlled South Africa, while India lacked such a community |
| What kind of external pressure was put on South Africa's white leadership to end apartheid and allow blacks to vote and have equal rights? | Sporting events, entertainers, and many large businesses boycotted South Africa, isolating it culturally and economically from much of the world |
| What was the fate of many of the political parties that had led the movements for independence in Africa after independence was achieved? | Most were soon swept away by military coups |
| Which of the following is NOT an explanation offered by historians and scholars as to why democracy failed in so many African countries after independence? | Those countries lacked natural resources |
| Why did many of the military regimes in Africa give way to a resurgence of Western-style democracy between 1980 and 2008? | Most of the military governments also failed on their promise to bring about prosperity and peace. |
| Which of the following is NOT a reason that most developing nations in the last decade of the twentieth century abandoned the state-run approach to building up their economies in favor of a privatized, free-market approach? | The clearly demonstrated benefits for the poorest segments of these countries |
| Which group of developing countries have been the most successful in stimulating economic growth and industrialization? | East asian countries |
| How did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, view the role of Islam in the state? | He saw the public or political role of Islam as an obstacle to modernizing Turkey |
| In what way did Atatürk's modern Turkey show clear continuity with the past Ottoman Empire? | Modern Turkey remained for the most part a dictatorship with little political freedom. |
| What effect did Westernizing influences under the shah of Iran have? | It provoked an intense backlash leading to the Islamic revolution in 1979. |
| Which of the following was NOT part of the transformation of Iran enforced by the new Islamic rulers? | Reverting back to a traditional economy |
| What happened to living standards across most of Africa between 1980 and 2000 | They fell |
Created by:
Linah