Question 1

Name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions.

Accepted Answer

axial (skull & vertebra) = protection
appendicular (limbs) = movement

Question 2

List and describe five important functions of bones.

Accepted Answer

1. support, 2. protection, 3. movement, 4. blood formation, 5. mineral, growth factor, and fat storage

Question 3

Indicate the functional importance of bone markings.

Accepted Answer

1. provide attachment points, 2. provide holes to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels, 3. remodeling as response to stress

Question 4

Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone.

Accepted Answer

diaphysus (main shaft, compact bone) w/medullary cavity; epiphysis (ends, spongy bone); epiphyseal line b/w diaphysis and each epiphysis (indicates full ossification); membranes periosteum & endosteum (osteogenic cells); osteon (growth rings)

Question 5

Indicate the locations and functions of red and yellow marrow.

Accepted Answer

medullary cavity contains red marrow early on, yellow (fat storage) in matured bones; spongy bone contains red marrow (hematopoeisis)

Question 6

Indicate the locations and function of articular cartilage.

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyseal bone ends at movable joints; cushions the opposing bone ends during joint movement and absorbs stress.

Question 7

Indicate the locations and functions of periosteum and endosteum.

Accepted Answer

Periosteum (double-layered CT) covers external bone surfaces for nourishment, bone-forming cells, and anchoring for tendons & ligaments. Endosteum lines internal bone surfaces, containing bone-forming cells.

Question 8

Describe the histology of compact bone.

Accepted Answer

Haversion system, incl. osteons (growth rings), central canal (blood vessels & nerves), lamella (rings, hard matrix), lacunae (cont. osteocytes), canaliculi (tiny canals connecting osteocytes), diagonal collagen fibers w/in lamellae (to oppose twisting).

Question 9

Describe the histology of spongy bone.

Accepted Answer

Trabeculae align along lines of stress (to help resist stress) - contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.

Question 10

Discuss the chemical composition of bone.

Accepted Answer

1/3 organic - bone cells & osteoid (osteoblast-produced ground substance & collagen fibers), analogous to rebar.  2/3 inorganic - hydroxyapatites (mineral salts), analogous to concrete.

Question 11

Discuss the advantages conferred by the organic and inorganic components of bone.

Accepted Answer

Organic components provide structure, flexibility, and tensile strength (twisting). Inorganic provides hardness (resists compression).

Question 12

Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

Accepted Answer

Intramembranous (dermal): mesenchyme->osteoid->osteoblasts->osteocytes; ex. clavicle, mandible. Endochondral: hyaline cartilage (template)->primary ossif. center at diaphysis (inside-out), secondary ossif. centers in epiphyses, meet at epiphyseal line

Question 13

Describe the role of hormones in the regulation of bone growth and maintenance.

Accepted Answer

GH - protein synth & cell growth; Thyroxine - cell metab and incr osteoblast activity; sex hormones - incr rate of bone formation at puberty; calcitonin (stim. osteoblasts) & PTH (stim. osteoclasts) - Ca & PO4 homeostasis; cortisol - catabolic, antigrowth

Question 14

Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoblasts.

Accepted Answer

Deposition - produce a matrix of osteoid & mineralize it to form bone.

Question 15

Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteocytes.

Accepted Answer

derived from osteoprogenitors, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts. In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae and canaliculi, respectively. Actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix

Question 16

Describe the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis.

Accepted Answer

Results from desync of osteoblasts & clasts; resorption>deposition. Factors: genetic, nutrition, physical activity. Greater occur. in females (less mass to start). Contrib by aging (decr activity, cellular and physical) & menopause (decr estrogen).

Question 17

Describe the gross anatomy of a typical flat bone.

Accepted Answer

dipole - sandwiching spongy bone featuring trabeculae (lattices)

Question 18

4 types of bone cells.

Accepted Answer

1. osteogenic (stem cells), 2. osteoblast (creating), 3. osteoclast (breaking down), 4. osteocyte (mature cells, maintenance)

Question 19

Describe the role of nutrients in the regulation of bone growth and maintenance.

Accepted Answer

Ca & PO4 - hydroxyapatite; Vit C - collagen, osteoblast differentiation; Vit A - stim osteoblasts; Vit D - calcitriol for Ca absorption; Vit K & B12 - protein synth in bone

Question 20

Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoclasts.

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption - removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone (organic dry weight is 90% collagen).

Question	Answer
Name the major regions of the skeleton and describe their relative functions.	axial (skull & vertebra) = protection appendicular (limbs) = movement
List and describe five important functions of bones.	1. support, 2. protection, 3. movement, 4. blood formation, 5. mineral, growth factor, and fat storage
Indicate the functional importance of bone markings.	1. provide attachment points, 2. provide holes to allow passage of nerves and blood vessels, 3. remodeling as response to stress
Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone.	diaphysus (main shaft, compact bone) w/medullary cavity; epiphysis (ends, spongy bone); epiphyseal line b/w diaphysis and each epiphysis (indicates full ossification); membranes periosteum & endosteum (osteogenic cells); osteon (growth rings)
Indicate the locations and functions of red and yellow marrow.	medullary cavity contains red marrow early on, yellow (fat storage) in matured bones; spongy bone contains red marrow (hematopoeisis)
Indicate the locations and function of articular cartilage.	Hyaline cartilage covering epiphyseal bone ends at movable joints; cushions the opposing bone ends during joint movement and absorbs stress.
Indicate the locations and functions of periosteum and endosteum.	Periosteum (double-layered CT) covers external bone surfaces for nourishment, bone-forming cells, and anchoring for tendons & ligaments. Endosteum lines internal bone surfaces, containing bone-forming cells.
Describe the histology of compact bone.	Haversion system, incl. osteons (growth rings), central canal (blood vessels & nerves), lamella (rings, hard matrix), lacunae (cont. osteocytes), canaliculi (tiny canals connecting osteocytes), diagonal collagen fibers w/in lamellae (to oppose twisting).
Describe the histology of spongy bone.	Trabeculae align along lines of stress (to help resist stress) - contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.
Discuss the chemical composition of bone.	1/3 organic - bone cells & osteoid (osteoblast-produced ground substance & collagen fibers), analogous to rebar. 2/3 inorganic - hydroxyapatites (mineral salts), analogous to concrete.
Discuss the advantages conferred by the organic and inorganic components of bone.	Organic components provide structure, flexibility, and tensile strength (twisting). Inorganic provides hardness (resists compression).
Compare and contrast intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.	Intramembranous (dermal): mesenchyme->osteoid->osteoblasts->osteocytes; ex. clavicle, mandible. Endochondral: hyaline cartilage (template)->primary ossif. center at diaphysis (inside-out), secondary ossif. centers in epiphyses, meet at epiphyseal line
Describe the role of hormones in the regulation of bone growth and maintenance.	GH - protein synth & cell growth; Thyroxine - cell metab and incr osteoblast activity; sex hormones - incr rate of bone formation at puberty; calcitonin (stim. osteoblasts) & PTH (stim. osteoclasts) - Ca & PO4 homeostasis; cortisol - catabolic, antigrowth
Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoblasts.	Deposition - produce a matrix of osteoid & mineralize it to form bone.
Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteocytes.	derived from osteoprogenitors, some of which differentiate into active osteoblasts. In mature bone, osteocytes and their processes reside inside spaces called lacunae and canaliculi, respectively. Actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix
Describe the disorders of bone remodeling seen in osteoporosis.	Results from desync of osteoblasts & clasts; resorption>deposition. Factors: genetic, nutrition, physical activity. Greater occur. in females (less mass to start). Contrib by aging (decr activity, cellular and physical) & menopause (decr estrogen).
Describe the gross anatomy of a typical flat bone.	dipole - sandwiching spongy bone featuring trabeculae (lattices)
4 types of bone cells.	1. osteogenic (stem cells), 2. osteoblast (creating), 3. osteoclast (breaking down), 4. osteocyte (mature cells, maintenance)
Describe the role of nutrients in the regulation of bone growth and maintenance.	Ca & PO4 - hydroxyapatite; Vit C - collagen, osteoblast differentiation; Vit A - stim osteoblasts; Vit D - calcitriol for Ca absorption; Vit K & B12 - protein synth in bone
Describe the locations and remodeling functions of the osteoclasts.	Bone resorption - removes bone tissue by removing its mineralized matrix and breaking up the organic bone (organic dry weight is 90% collagen).

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chapter 6 bones